Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor technology,with its features of real-time,fast,no need for labeling,no background interference and non-destructive to samples,etc.,has been widely used in the field of biotechnology,medicine,environmental science and drug detection.This article gives an overview of the recent popular studies and their progress in SPR technology is reviewed,especially giving a detailed overview of the surface modification technique,related hyphenated techniques and application of SPR in clinical examination.Hyphenated techniques is discussed from three aspects of molecular imprinting technique,SPR based immunoassay and nucleic acids SPR biosensor as well.

Objective To explore the mediating effects of rumination and its subtypes on the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms in treatment-naive depressed patients.Methods Sixty-two treatment-naive depressed patients completed the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CESD),rumination response scale (RRS),and life event scale (LES).Results ① The scores of CESD were positively correlated with total score of RRS,brooding score of RRS,and negative LES score (NLES) in depressed patients (r=0.66,P＜ 0.01;r =0.50,P＜ 0.01;r =0.51,P＜ 0.01).The total score of RRS and brooding score of RRS were positively correlated with NLES(r=0.45,P＜0.01;r=0.47,P＜0.01).② The total score of RRS played a mediating role between NLES and CESD (indirect effect=0.12,95％ CI =0.04 ～ 0.23).③The brooding of RRS played a mediating role between NLES and CESD (indirect effect =0.07,95％ CI=0.02～0.15).Conclusion The RRS and the brooding of RRS exert mediation effects on the relationship between NLES and CESD in patients with depression.

As a multifunctional signal molecule, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been proved to have a variety of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant stress, and neuroprotection. This article reviews the latest research progress on the protective effect of FGF21 in ischemic stroke and its relationship with cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the activation of xanthine oxidase(XO)from the human liver by vitamin K3 and the mechanism.METHODS Using human liver S9(0.1 g·L-1)as the source,XO was incubated with substrate xanthine of 0,2,4,8,and 16 μmol·L-1 at 37℃ for 90 min.The Michaelis constant(Km)of the reaction of xanthine oxidation was determined using the liquid chromatography diode array method.At the concentration of Km,the three-point method(1,10 and 100 μmol·L-1)was used to detect the activity of vitamin K3 activators.The multi-point method(vitamin K3 1,2,5,10,20,50,100,200 and 400 μmol·L-1)was adopted to determine the half effective concentration(EC50)of activated XO.Kinetic parameters(Km and Vmax)and the fit of double reciprocal curves were determined via vitamin K3 of 1/2EC50,EC50 and 2EC50.The changes in kinetic behavior at different concentrations of vitamin K3 were observed and their types of activation were analyzed.The interactions between XO and activator vitamin K3 were explored via molecular docking.RESULTS The Km of XO-mediated xanthine oxidation reac-tion was 4.71 μmol·L-1.As an activator of this reaction,vitamin K3 activated XO in a concentration-dependent manner(according to the logistic fitting formula y=A2+(A1-A2)/(1+(x/x0)^p),with an EC50 of 32.0 μmol·L-1.The kinetic parameters also changed after the addition of vitamin K3.The Km value decreased(4.71-1.34 μmol·L-1)with the increase of vitamin K3 concentrations,while the Vmax value increased(0.08-1.31 μmol·min-1·g-1),leading to an increase in Vmax/Km(17.0-977.6 mL·min·g-1).In addition,the double reciprocal curve fitting found that the activation type of vitamin K3 on XO was mixed.The molecular docking results showed that vitamin K3 bound to the molybdopterin domain of XO and maintained hydrogen bonding interactions with Arg599 and Ser605.CONCLUSION Vitamin K3 is an activator of XO,which can form hydrogen bonds with Arg599 and Ser605 in the XO domain,regu-late its affinity with the substrate xanthine,activate XO and increase the uric acid level.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase(PFOR)by luteolin and its anti-Clostridium difficile effect.Methods The PFOR encoding sequence of Clostridium difficile was cloned into the expression vector pET-2a and transformed into competent Escherichia coli.The crude enzyme was prepared after induction with IPTG(Isopropyl β-D-Thiogalactoside).The inhibitory rate of the test compounds on PFOR was determined after an 8-hour anaerobic reaction between PFOR and 40 μmol·L-1 of test compounds at 25℃.The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of PFOR inhibitors against C.difficile strains(ATCC BAA 1382 and ATCC BAA 1870)was determined by monitoring the OD600 of the bacterial culture.Molecular docking was performed to investigate the possible interaction mechanisms between PFOR and inhibitors.Results Among the tested compounds,the luteolin showed the strongest inhibitory activity against PFOR,with a single-point inhibition rate of approximately 33%,which is comparable to that observed with the positive inhibitor nitazoxanide(40%).Molecular docking revealed that luteolin could form hydrogen bonds with Asp428,Val431,Gly429,Asp456,Lys458,Lys459,and other residues in the PFOR domain.The MIC of luteolin against C.difficile was approximately 32 μg·mL-1.Conclusion Luteolin exhibits good activity against C.difficile,and PFOR may be a target for its antibacterial action.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of 18F?FDG PET?CT scan for occult lymph node metastasis in patients with stageⅠA lung adenocarcinoma. Methods The image and pathological data of 272 patients with stage ⅠA lung adenocarcinoma from October 2006 to September 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent preoperative 18F?FDG PET?CT scan followed by lobectomy and systematic lymph node dissection. The correlation between occult lymph node metastasis and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of primary tumor as well as other clinicopathological factors was analyzed to screen the risk factors of occult lymph node metastasis in stage ⅠA lung adenocarcinoma. Results Occult lymph node metastasis was detected in 50 patients (18.4%), with 24 (8.8%) patients of pN1 involvement and 26 (9.6%) of pN2 involvement. Among the 272 patients enrolled, 39 had pure ground glass nodule, 59 had part?solid nodule and 174 had solid nodule. All patients with pure ground glass nodule or nodule≤1 cm were pN0. For the 233 patients with part?solid and solid nodule, no lymph node metastasis was found in T1a stage (tumor length≤1 cm). Primary tumor SUVmax(Z＝－5.663, P＜0.001), nodule type (χ2＝21.586, P＜0.001), tumor location (χ2＝ 12.790, P＜ 0.001), histological grade ( χ2＝ 22.784, P＜0.001) and visceral pleural invasion (χ2＝5.357, P＝0.021) showed significant differences between occult lymph node metastasis group (pN+) and non?lymph node metastasis group (pN0). With SUVmax＝2.405 as cut?off value, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting occult lymph node metastasis were 90.0% and 61.7%, the area under curve was 0.761(95%CI＝0.700～0.823), and the negative predictive value was 95.8%. Multivariate analysis revealed that SUVmax＞2.405 (P＜0.001), central location ( P＝0.030) and higher histological grade ( P ＝ 0.024 ) were independent predictors of occult lymph node metastasis. Conclusions For clinical stage ⅠA adenocarcinoma, primary tumor SUVmax＞ 2.405, central location and higher histological grade were independent risk factors for occult lymph node metastasis. Systematic lymph node dissection may be avoided in lung adenocarcinoma with pure ground glass density, tumor length≤1 cm or SUVmax≤2.405, due to the very low probability of nodal involvement.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of 18F?FDG PET?CT scan for occult lymph node metastasis in patients with stageⅠA lung adenocarcinoma. Methods The image and pathological data of 272 patients with stage ⅠA lung adenocarcinoma from October 2006 to September 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent preoperative 18F?FDG PET?CT scan followed by lobectomy and systematic lymph node dissection. The correlation between occult lymph node metastasis and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of primary tumor as well as other clinicopathological factors was analyzed to screen the risk factors of occult lymph node metastasis in stage ⅠA lung adenocarcinoma. Results Occult lymph node metastasis was detected in 50 patients (18.4%), with 24 (8.8%) patients of pN1 involvement and 26 (9.6%) of pN2 involvement. Among the 272 patients enrolled, 39 had pure ground glass nodule, 59 had part?solid nodule and 174 had solid nodule. All patients with pure ground glass nodule or nodule≤1 cm were pN0. For the 233 patients with part?solid and solid nodule, no lymph node metastasis was found in T1a stage (tumor length≤1 cm). Primary tumor SUVmax(Z＝－5.663, P＜0.001), nodule type (χ2＝21.586, P＜0.001), tumor location (χ2＝ 12.790, P＜ 0.001), histological grade ( χ2＝ 22.784, P＜0.001) and visceral pleural invasion (χ2＝5.357, P＝0.021) showed significant differences between occult lymph node metastasis group (pN+) and non?lymph node metastasis group (pN0). With SUVmax＝2.405 as cut?off value, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting occult lymph node metastasis were 90.0% and 61.7%, the area under curve was 0.761(95%CI＝0.700～0.823), and the negative predictive value was 95.8%. Multivariate analysis revealed that SUVmax＞2.405 (P＜0.001), central location ( P＝0.030) and higher histological grade ( P ＝ 0.024 ) were independent predictors of occult lymph node metastasis. Conclusions For clinical stage ⅠA adenocarcinoma, primary tumor SUVmax＞ 2.405, central location and higher histological grade were independent risk factors for occult lymph node metastasis. Systematic lymph node dissection may be avoided in lung adenocarcinoma with pure ground glass density, tumor length≤1 cm or SUVmax≤2.405, due to the very low probability of nodal involvement.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract （GBE） on renal inflammation in diabetic nephropathy （DN） model mice， and its potential mechanism. METHODS KK/Ay mice were fed with high fat and high sugar to induce DN model. They were divided into model group， positive control group [metformin 200 mg/（kg·d）]， GBE low-dose and high-dose groups [100， 200 mg/（kg·d）]， with 6 mice in each group. Six C57BL/6J mice were fed with a regular diet as the control group. Administration groups were given relevant liquid intragastrically， control group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically， once a day， for 8 consecutive weeks. The body weight， fasting blood glucose， 24-hour food intake， 24-hour urine output， monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）， interleukin-12 （IL-12）， IL-10， advanced glycation end products （AGEs）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and serum creatinine （Scr） of mice were measured， and the ratio of bilateral kidneys to body weight was also calculated. The pathological injury and fibrotic changes of the renal cortex were observed， and the expressions of macrophage polarization marker proteins [type M1： inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）； type M2： arginase-1 （Arg-1）] and AGEs-the receptor of advanced glycation end products （RAGE）/Ras homolog gene pharm_chenjing@163.com family member A （RhoA）/Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase （ROCK） signaling pathway-related proteins were determined in renal cortex. RESULTS Compared with the model group， the symptoms such as renal cortical hyperplasia， vacuoles， infiltration of inflammatory cells， and renal cortical fibrosis had been improved in GBE low-dose and high-dose groups； body weight， serum level of IL-10， the expression of Arg-1 in the renal cortex were significantly higher than model group （P＜ 0.01）； fasting blood glucose， 24-hour food intake， 24-hour urine output， serum levels of MCP-1， IL-12， BUN， Scr and AGEs， the ratio of bilateral kidneys to body weight， renal injury score， the proportion of renal interstitial fibrosis， the protein expressions of iNOS， RAGE， RhoA and ROCK1 （except for GBE low-dose group） in renal cortex were significantly lower than model group （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS GBE could improve kidney damage and alleviate inflammatory response in DN model mice， the mechanism of which may be related to inhibiting the AGEs-RAGE/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and regulating macrophage polarization.

Objective: To investigate the predictive value of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT scan for occult lymph node metastasis in patients with stage ⅠA lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: The image and pathological data of 272 patients with stage ⅠA lung adenocarcinoma from October 2006 to September 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent preoperative ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT scan followed by lobectomy and systematic lymph node dissection. The correlation between occult lymph node metastasis and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max) of primary tumor as well as other clinicopathological factors was analyzed to screen the risk factors of occult lymph node metastasis in stage ⅠA lung adenocarcinoma. Results: Occult lymph node metastasis was detected in 50 patients (18.4%), with 24 (8.8%) patients of pN1 involvement and 26 (9.6%) of pN2 involvement. Among the 272 patients enrolled, 39 had pure ground glass nodule, 59 had part-solid nodule and 174 had solid nodule. All patients with pure ground glass nodule or nodule≤1 cm were pN0. For the 233 patients with part-solid and solid nodule, no lymph node metastasis was found in T1a stage (tumor length ≤1 cm). Primary tumor SUV_max (Z=-5.663, P<0.001), nodule type (χ²=21.586, P<0.001), tumor location (χ²= 12.790, P< 0.001), histological grade (χ²= 22.784, P< 0.001) and visceral pleural invasion (χ²=5.357, P=0.021) showed significant differences between occult lymph node metastasis group (pN+ ) and non-lymph node metastasis group (pN0). With SUV_max=2.405 as cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting occult lymph node metastasis were 90.0% and 61.7%, the area under curve was 0.761(95%CI=0.700~0.823), and the negative predictive value was 95.8%. Multivariate analysis revealed that SUV_max >2.405 (P<0.001), central location (P=0.030) and higher histological grade (P=0.024) were independent predictors of occult lymph node metastasis. Conclusions For clinical stage ⅠA adenocarcinoma, primary tumor SUV_max > 2.405, central location and higher histological grade were independent risk factors for occult lymph node metastasis. Systematic lymph node dissection may be avoided in lung adenocarcinoma with pure ground glass density, tumor length ≤1 cm or SUV_max ≤ 2.405, due to the very low probability of nodal involvement.

Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD)caused by SMARCAL1 gene mutations is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multi-system involvement, including T-cell dysfunction, skeletal dysplasia, disproportionate short stature, nephrotic syndrome, and kidney failure. This multidisciplinary consultation involved a 9-year-old boy with intrauterine growth retardation, presenting with short stature, T-cell lymphopenia, proteinuria, and degenerative bone and joint disease. Treatment primarily focused on symptomatic and supportive care. Through the multidisciplinary rare disease consultation, holistic support was provided to the patient, offering comprehensive care from various specialtiesx.We also aim to use this case report to enhance clinicians′ under-standing of SIOD and improve the management and treatment of rare diseases.