Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), as a member of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), is ex-pressed on the membrane of activated T cells , B cells and macrophages.Combining with programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), PD-1 will inhibit the proliferation of T cells and further involve in T cell receptor signaling negative feedback regulation .As the signifi-cant relationship between PD-1 /PD-L1 expression and prognosis in tumor cells , monocytes and T cells of ovarian cancer patients , this review focuses on the biological significance , influencing factors , advances of related drugs and clinical application of PD-1 /PD-L1 in ovarian cancer .

Objective To detect expression of epidermal growth factor receptor variant Ⅲ (EGFRvⅢ) in human suprarenal epithelioma to explore its relation with the genesis and development of suprarenal epithelioma.Methods Immunohistochemistry and pathologic image analysis were used to semiquantitatively detect the expression of EGFRvⅢ protein in eighty human suprarenal epithelioma tissues and twenty-four normal renal tissues.Results Positive expression rate of EGFRvⅢ was 46% in human suprarenal epithelioma tissues and 8% in normal renal tissues.Their average gray scale values were 148.49?13.05 and 155.65?14.86,respectively,which showed a significant difference (t=2.13,P=0.04).There was no obvious difference between males and females (149.01?13.70 and 147.40?11.76,t=0.54,P=0.59).No significant association was observed between EGFRvⅢ expression and age (r=0.01,P=0.92).Conclusion Many human suprarenal epithelioma tissues express EGFRvⅢ.EGFRvⅢ may play certain role in the genesis and development of human suprarenal epithelioma.

Objective To discuss the MRI features of pyometra and its correlation with pathologic.Methods MRI and DWI data of 12 cases pyometra proved by surgery and pathology were analyzed retrospectively, and a comparision with pathologic findings was made.Mean ADC values were calculated.Results According to the homogeneity of MRI signal: Uniform signal type in 2 cases,T1WI showed slightly low signal,T2WI showed slightly high signal,DWI showed high signal,and the distribution of pus compositions is relatively uniform;Signal mixed type in 5 cases, T2 showed at the bottom of the pus or peripheral mixed slightly short signal, DWI showed mixed high signal, there was some sediment in the bottom of the pus;5 cases of liquid layer type, the upper displayed signal of water,and the lower signal was lower than the upper signal on T2WI, of which 3 cases showed uniform signal of the lower, DWI showed a uniform high signal, the distribution of pus compositions is uniform, the other 2 cases showed mixed signal of the lower, which was pyometra with bleeding,DWI showed high signal and low signal mixed together.The average ADC value of the 12 patients were 0.532×10-3 mm2/s.12 cases of uterine volume were increased, including 10 cases of uterine wall thinning, the other 2 cases with inflammatory invasion, the uterine wall thickening.8 cases with cervical cancer.5 cases with pelvic effusion.Conclusion MRI findings of pyometra are characteristic, its MRI manifestations and pathological components are highly correlated,and the ADC value is of great value in the diagnosis of pyometra.

Background and purpose: It has been reported that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor variant Ⅲ (EGFRv Ⅲ) play important roles in the progression of various cancers. This research was to detect the expression and relation of EGFR and epidermal growth factor receptor variant Ⅲ (EGFRv Ⅲ) to human esophageal carcinoma. Methods: In 66 human esophageal carcinoma tissues, the expression of EGFR and EGFRv Ⅲ were detected by imrnunohistochemistry and western-blot. The expression of EGFR and EGFRv Ⅲ along with the patients' clinicopathologic factors was retrospectively analyzed. Correlation analysis between EGFRv Ⅲ and EGFR was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The average gray scale values of EGFR in esophageal carcinoma and normal tissues by immunohistochemistry were 25.4±3.2 and 5.0±3.5, which showed a significant difference (t=5.574, P=0.000). And the average gray scale values of EGFRv Ⅲ in esophageal carcinoma and normal tissues were 22.5±4.2 and 5.5±3.0, which also showed a significant difference (t=6.701,P=0.000). The average gray scale values of EGFR in esophageal carcinoma and normal tissues respectively by western-blot were 1.37±0.41 and 0.21±0.09, which showed a significant difference (t=10.704, P=0.000) And the average gray scale values of EGFRv Ⅲ respectively were 0.828±0.15 and 0.083±0.049, which had a significant difference (t=9.362, P=0.000). Significant differences were observed in TNM-stage, lymphatic metastasis and tumor classification in both the expression of EGFR (P<0.05) and EGFRv Ⅲ (P<0.05), and but there were no obvious differences in gender, age, minor size, growth pattern in both the expression of EGFR (P<0.05) and EGFRvⅢ (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that there was strong association of the expression between EGFR and EGFRv Ⅲ both detected by immunohistochemistry (r=0.701,P<0.0001) and western-blot respectively(r=0.556, P=0.031). Conclusion: Our data suggests that EGFRvⅢ is over-expressed in human esophageal carcinoma. Combination of EGFR and EGFRvⅢ could be useful markers for tumorgenesis and differentiation of human esophageal carcinoma.

ObjectiveTo detect the expressions of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), and investigate their significance in primary gallbladder carcinoma. MethodsImmunohistochemistry SP assay and image analysis were used to detect the expressions of NRF2 and MRP2 protein in 59 patients with primary gallbladder carcinoma. ResultsA highly positive expression rates of NRF2 and MRP2 were found (76.3% and 74. 6%, respectively) in primary gallbladder carcinoma. The expressions of NRF2 and MRP2 had a significantly correlation with metastases, Nevin staging, and differentiation (P＜0.05), but there was no statistical association with sex and age. The expression of NRF2 had a positive correlation with MRP2 (r=0. 589,P＜0.05). Conclusion Both NRF2 and MRP2 were overexpressed in primary gallbladder carcinoma and they may play a role in the development of primary gallbladder carcinoma.

Purpose To compare the relationship between the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of PET/CT imaging and tumor markers in lung cancer, and to provide evidence for the comprehensive assessment of non small cell lung cancer. Materials and Methods The results of PET/CT imaging, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin-19 fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA21-1) and neuronspecific enolase (NSE) of 179 patients with non small cell lung cancer were analyzed, subjects were then divided into different groups according to their clinical features and pathological types, the differences of SUVmax and tumor markers'' level were compared between different groups, and their correlations with tumor histological type, differentiation and the clinical stages were also analyzed.Results SUVmax of the tumor was related with lesion size,≥3 cm tumors'' SUVmax were significantly higher than that of <3 cm tumors (P<0.01), SUVmax and serum NSE level were related with tumor differentiation, and these in low differentiation group were higher than those in high and medium differentiation group (P<0.05,P<0.01). In addition, SUVmax, CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE had no correlation with gender, age, pathological type and clinical stage (P>0.05).Conclusion SUVmax and NSE have a certain relationship with tumor differentiation in non small cell lung cancer patients, thus can be used as a reference index for prognosis of indirect prediction of lung cancer.

Objective To establish animal model of arterial vulnerable plaques for molecular imaging study.Methods Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into high lipid diet+balloon-injury group (A),high lipid diet group (B)and regular diet group (C).Ultrasound (US)and magnetic resonance (MR)imaging were used to dynamically observe the formation of plaque in abdominal aorta. Results were compared with blood lipid level and pathological indicators.Results At 4 weeks,several plaques could be seen in group A.The plaque number increased rapidly and reached to 22 at 12 weeks,which was in parallel with the change of blood lipid. Only a few plaques were observed in group B,while no vulnerable plaque was revealed in group C.All the plaques were judged to be soft plaques on US and MR images,which was consistent with the macrophages gathering and smooth muscle cell proliferating in plaques.Conclusion High lipid diet+balloon-injury is an ideal method to build animal model for molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaque.

Objective To develop a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles ( SPIO ) based on MRI probe specifically targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and explore its value as MRI positive contrast agents in vitro.Methods (1) The superparamagnetic iron oxide ( PS) was obtained by means of classical coprecipitation in polylactic acid solution , then coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled LTVSPYW to develop the targeted probe ( FITC-LTVSPWY-PS).The particle size was measured under transmission electron microscope.Relaxation rate was detected by 3.0 T MR scanner.(2) Climbing films of human breast cancer cell MCF-7 were prepared and incubated with FITC-LTVSPWY-SPIO, then fluorescence distribution was observed under inverted microscope.And distribution of iron particles was confirmed by prussian blue staining.(3) MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with FITC-LTVSPWY-SPIO and PS, respectively.MCF-7 incubated with FITC-LTVSPWY-PS were used as experimental group, MCF-7 treated with PS as control group , and cells added with nothing as blank group.There were 3 samples in each group.The MR imaging was performed only once and T 2 WI signal intensity of cells was recorded.The comparison of T 2 signal intensity among groups was conducted by using one-way ANOVA.Results The core and surface size of nanoparticles were (13.9 ±1.6) nm and (122.0 ±5.5) nm respectively.Zeta potential and relaxation rate of the FITC-LTVSPWY-PS were ( -30.7 ±2.2 ) mV and 70.7 m· M-1 · s-1 respectively, and the PS were (28.1 ±2.8) mV and 72.1 m· M-1 · s-1 respectively.The fluorescence could be seen on the surface of MCF-7 cells, and the prussian blue staining showed that FITC-LTVSPWY-PS could specifically target HER 2-positive cells.The low signal on T 2 WI was observed in MCF-7 cells incubated with FITC-LTVSPWY-PS, whereas cells treated with PS and blank group showed equal signals , the T2 values were ( 61.8 ±5.7 ) , ( 101.6 ±2.5 ) and ( 103.5 ±1.9 ) ms respectively.Significant difference existed among these groups ( F =355.698, P <0.05 ).Conclusions The MR targeting probe FITC-LTVSPWY-PS was prepared successfully , its physical characterization and magnetic properties could target the HER 2 highly expressing on the surface of breast cancer cells and meet the need of targeted imaging.It provides an important tool for MR molecular imaging.

Objective To observe effects of Kangshuai Yizhi Capsule on ATP in brain tissue and IL-6, TNF-α in serum of aging model rats, and explore the protective effects of the capsule on brain tissue.Methods Totally 72 rats were randomly divided into a normal group and a model group. The subacutely aging model rats were made by injectingD-gal, then aging rats were numbered and grouped by random number table into the model group, Kangshuai Yizhi high-dose group, Kangshuai Yizhi Capsule low-dose group and Naofukang group. All dose groups were received gavage by giving corresponding doses, while normal group and model group were given the same amount of saline everyday. After treated for 60 days, the activity of Na+-K+-ATP and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP in brain tissue, and IL-6, TNF-α in serum were detected.Results Compared with normal group, Na+-K+-ATP and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP were less active (P<0.05), but levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in model group were significantly higher, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Compared with model group, after treated with Kangshuai Yizhi Capsule, Na+-K+-ATP and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP were more active, and IL-6 and TNF-α levels were down-regulated significantly in dose groups, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Meanwhile, Kangshuai Yizhi Capsule high-dose group showed the most obvious effect among dose groups.ConclusionKangshuai Yizhi Capsule has effects of enhancing activity of ATP in brain tissue and reducing level of proinflammatory factors.

Objective To assess the diagnostic value of mediastinal lymph node in non-small cell lung cancer using PET-CT by Meta-analysis. Methods Publications on mediastinal lymph node staging of non-small cell lung cancer by PET-CT published from January 2002 to January 2016 were filtered and assessed according to criteria from the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library database. The number of true positive, false positive, false negative and true negative were extracted, meta-analysis was performed using STATA software, and receiver operating characteristic curve was applied, then area under the curve(AUC) was calculated. At last, heterogeneous sources were discussed and subgroup analyses were performed. Results Twenty-three relevant literatures(2 959 patients) were enrolled, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity based on the patients were 0.66(0.55—0.75) and 0.84(0.79—0.89), AUC was 0.84 (0.80—0.87). The results of subgroup analysis suggested that pulmonary tuberculosis was one important factor that influenced the PET-CT diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in NSCLC patients(P=0.01). Conclusions PET-CT has a high accuracy for the mediastinal lymph node staging in non-small cell lung cancer, and it is the recommendedexamination method in these patients. Patients who had suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis should be treated with caution.