Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)is demonstrated to be a key role in formation process of intraocular neovascularization.Anti-VEGF treatment is the breakthrough of intraocular neovascular diseases therapy.Intravitreal injection of anti-neovascularization drug looks to be an effective method on ocular neovascular diseases which with the advantages of good biocompatibility,low prices and longer intravitreal half-time etc.However,at present,it lack of multi-center study;the long-term efficacy and the systematic safety needs the further clinicsl verification.Various types of CNV showed the different therapeutic reactions to either PDT or Anti-VEGF agent,the treatment methods for exudative AMD include laser,PDT,and drug like Triamcinolone Acetonide,several anti-VEGF preparations.Therefore.understanding the pathogenesis of neovascular AMD and choosing a reasonable therapeutic methods are necessary.We should try to explore a safe,effective,economic,new approach.

Comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials(CATT)reported the results of the first year:At 1 year,bevacizumab and ranibizumab had equivalent effects on visual acuity when administered according to the same schedule.Ranibizumab given as needed with monthly evaluation had effects on vision that were equivalent to those of ranibizumab administered monthly.Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody(MAb)and full-length anti-VEGF antibody that successfully prevents binding of all the biologically active isoforms of VEGF to the receptor.Ranibizumab is a isolated antigen-binding fragment (Fab)from bevacizumab using recombinant genetic techniques.Ranibizumab has been clinically evaluated in 4 Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ studies.The cost of Avastin is ＄50 per dose compared with ＄ 2000 per dose for Ranibizumab.If Avastin could improve vision and macular anatomy,then it would not only be clinically superior to Ranibizumab.The CATT data support the continued global use of intravitreal bevacizumab as an effective.low-cost alternative to ranibizumab,particularly for patients paying all costs out of pocket.

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is one of the exudative maculopathy,which is characterized by retinal pigment epithelium detachment,subretinal hemorrhages and sensory retinal detachment.The prevalence of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) reached 33.5％ in neovascular age related macular degeneration (AMD) for Chinese population.Indocyanine green angiography showed a single or multiple focal nodular areas of hyperfluorescence arising from the choroidal circulation and currently is recognized a gold standard for diagnosis of PCV.The histopathologic findings indicated that hyalinization of choroidal vessels,like arteriosclerosis.Up to now there is no reliable evidence to demonstrate the difference in genetic study.The study of environment factor showed hypertension is associated with PCV closely than with AMD.PCV and AMD is different genotype or different phenotype as well as difference in pathogenesis need further studies.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD),a set of age-related macular disease,is induced by a variety of factors.New intervention methods help us to understand the AMD pathogenesis further;however,we only have limited knowledge of these novel methods.To improve diagnosis and treatment practices of AMD,it is a priority to propose a standardized clinical procedure of AMD management in China.The Chinese Ocular Fundus Association has just proposed a Chinese AMD clinical pathway based on experts' opinions and evidence-based medicine.This clinical guideline is implementable for different stages and subtypes of AMD patients,and hopefully will be updated frequently with more clinical practice.Implementing this AMD pathway in China will improve the quality of clinical practice and research of AMD in China.

Chinese Guideline of Diabetic Retinopathy was developed by the Chinese Ocular Fundus Society and Chinese Ophthalmological Society.It is the first prevention and intervention guideline document of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in China.Clinical pathways and strategies are clearly identified and described in this document for DR screening,referral,intervention,systematic management and patient education.The new DR stage classification combines the first Chinese DR classification since 1985 and the updated international classification of DR.This guideline is based on Chinese health care system,but also reflects the tradition and innovation,and reaches international practice standard.Learning and practice the guideline will promote the prevention and reduce the occurrence and development of DR in China.

The treatment of ocular fundus diseases is of significant issue in the clinic, but there exists large controversy on how to standardize the clinical treatment and how to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment on ocular fundus diseases. Emerging application of evidence-based medicine (EBM) provides us a rigorous and feasible pathway for the clinical treatment of ocular fundus diseases. We can improve the quality of clinical treatment research by exploring high quality randomized control trial (RCT) on the basis of patients with ocular fundus diseases in China; and by making full use of the best clinical evidences at home and abroad according to the EBM methods, which may further improve diagnosis and treatment of common ocular fundus diseases in China.

Objective To determine the effect of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on early retinopathy in rats with experimental diabetes. Methods In 40 rats, diabetic models were set up in 36 by one-off intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin (STZ), and other 4 were in the normal control group. Twenty-four diabetic rats with the disease-duration of more than 6 months underwent intravitreous injection (with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone in 10 rats, respectively), and the rest 4 rats weren′t injected with drugs as the diabetic positive control group. Immunohistochemical treptomycin-avidin-biotin-complex (SABC) method, in situ hybridization of retinal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA, and TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labelling (TUNEL) were performed on the ocular paraffin section to detect the cellular apoptosis. The difference of VEGF expression and cellular apoptosis between TZDs and control group was observed and analyzed. Results The results of immunohistochemical staining and hybridization in situ were negative in the normal control group. The positive expression rate of VEGF was lower in rosiglitazone and pioglitazone group than which in the diabetic positive control group, and there was no obvious differences of positive expression of VEGF mRNA and cellular apoptosis between the 2 groups. Conclusion TZDs (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) may inhibit the positive expression of VEGF protein in retina of STZ-induced diabetic rats to some extent, but not affect the growth of VEGF in retina.

BACKGROUND: Dance-sport is a newly emerging sport item, integrating sport with music and dance. It not only develops physical diathesis and sport skills, but also actively affects psychological health of university students.OBJECTIVE: To analyze and observe the changes in psychological health, physical diathesis and musical cultivation after dance-sport training for university students.DESIGN: Cross-section investigation was designed, in which, the students in elective class of dance-sport were taken as objects.SETTING: Department of Physical Education of China University of Mining and Technology.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 116 students were collected from 2001' elective class of dance-sport in China University of Mining and Technology from September 2001 to January 2003. All of receptors selected dance-sport at the first time. Of 120 copies of Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) were provided and 116 of those were returned, in which, 58 students were either male or female, aged averagely 19.7 years.METHODS: Questionnaire: SCL-90 was used to evaluate 9 main outcome measures, named psychological health, somatization, obsessive compulsive (o-c) symptoms, personal relations, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobism,paranoid ideation and metal disorder; in which, 5 grades were adopted,named 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 grades, to represent no, mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe impacts successively. Test: according to stipulated music rate, cardiac rate and music were tested so as to observe the changes in physical diathesis and capacity of musical rhythm understanding. Simultaneously, literatures were looked up on education, psychology and physical education to provide theoretic evidence for this paper. The questionnaire was provided before and after the semester respectively and returned for music test. Test on cardiac rate was performed at the end of semester.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison among the results of two SCL-90 evaluations, positive number and total average result in receptors and national norm. Result of cardiac rate and music test in receptors.RESULTS: Totally 120 copies were provided, 116 of them were returned and the rate of return was 97%. ① Result of SCL-90: At the end of semester, the results of depression, hostility and positive number of 9 items in the checklist were lower remarkably than those before the semester (P ＜ 0.01-0.05); the results of somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility and total average result were lower remarkably than national norm (P ＜ 0.01-0.05). ② Dance-sport and physical diathesis:Among various dances in sport, the highest, lowest and average cardiac rates were (115-194) times/minute, (114-140) times/minute and (138-169) times/minute successively. The amount of exercise is over moderate level and it benefits cardiac vascular system, functions of heart and lung,endurance, etc. Long-term exercise will be good for the physique. ③ Impacts of dance-sport on music cultivation: Before the class, 93.1% of students did not understand musical rhythm or they understood the rhythm,but it is hard for their steps followed the rhythm. After the course of dance-sport, only 2.5% of students did not understand and follow musical rhythm.CONCLUSION: Dance-sports improves not only psychological health and physical diathesis of students, but also their musical and art cultivation.It is mass sports activity, benefiting the health both physically and mentally.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has developed from time-domain into Fourier-domain OCT (FD-OCT) which indicates clearer details and higher resolution of images. FD-OCT can indicate the structure and pathological changes of each retinal layer, and reveal the retinal external limiting membranes and changes of inner-and outer-segment of visual cells by 3D solid reconstruction. FD-OCT not only provide detailed information of the images for the clinical diagnosis, but also help us investigting the characteristics and pthological mechanisms of ocular fundus diseases, which lead us to a new era of technology of observation on ocualr fundus diseases. In the application, we should pay attention to the significance of different colors of OCT images, and focus on the cohenrence of the position in the image acquistion during the follow-up period. Dynamic observation on the lesions by FD-OCT and aggregated anaylsis of resutls of several imageological examination would be the development direction of imageological examination of ocular fundus diseases.

Optic coherence tomography (OCT) is one of the most rapid developing technologies in ophthalmology. OCT angiography (OCTA) has been made possible by the development of even faster scanning and sampling techniques, which is the next milestone after stratus OCT and spectral domain OCT. Without the need of injection of the contrast agent, OCTA is capable of providing a three-dimensional reconstruction of the perfused microvasculature within the retina and choroid by detecting the motion of scattering particles such as erythrocytes within sequential OCT cross-sectional scans performed repeatedly at the same location of the eye with different analysis algorithms. Comparing to fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography, with improved OCT technology and understanding, OCTA has showed certain advantages to diagnose retinal and choroidal diseases, especially macular vascular diseases. It is important to establish the contributions that OCTA can make to diagnosing, managing and understanding of ocular fundus diseases.