Objective To understand drug resistance in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)after antiretroviral therapy(ART).Methods Articles about drug resistance in HIV/AIDS patients after ART were retrieved from Wangfang data,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and PubMed. Meta analysis were performed.Results 15 articles (1 English and 14 Chinese) were extracted,quality score of 3,4,and 8 articles was 6,7,and 8 respectively. Heterogeneity of the included stud-ies showed the difference was significant (Q= 45.98,P<0.001),there was heterogeneity,random-effects models was conducted for Meta analysis,which revealed that the overall drug resistance rate in HIV/AIDS patients in China was 4% (4% -5% );Begg's test showed that P= 0.012,there was publication bias. After articles were excluded through sensitivity analysis,the combined effect was still 4% (4% -5% ).Conclusion The overall drug resistance rate in Chinese HIV/AIDS patients after ART is not high.

Objective To establish a HPLC method for determining the content of Paeonol in Paeonia lactiflora Pall.. Methods Ultrasound and reflux methods were used to extract Paeonol in Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and then the content of Paeonol was determined by HPLC. It was performed on Agilent column ZORBAX SB-C18 (Stable Bond Analytical 4.6 mm?250 mm, 5 ?m), mobile phase was methanol-water (45∶55), flow rate was 1 mL/min, column temperature was 25 ℃, and detection wavelength was 274 nm. Results The regression equation was Y=1.01?105X-9.84?102, r=0.999 9 (n=5). The standard curve was linear within the range of 0.104～0.52 ?g for Paeonol. Conclusion The method is simple and accurate with good reproducibility. It is suitable for determining the content of Paeonol in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. and control the quality control of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. in process.

Childhood cancers are malignancies occured during childhood,which consist of blood-lymphatic system disorders and solid tumor,usually under the age of 15 years old.Among cancers of childhood,solid tumors account for the mainly proportion and most neoplasms are embryonic origin,which are distinctly different from the adult solid tumors.The pathogenesis of children with an oncologic disease,except from the 2 major elements heredity and environment,some experts consider that there are intense correlations between various carcinogenic environment exposure during pregnancy even progestation and childhood cancers.The placenta is a combination of embryo and the maternal tissues,while is a material exchanged organ between 2 parts.One part has a same origin with fetus biological and genetics,and the other provides comprehensive guarantee for fetus normal development in utero.The research of the placental disease of childhood cancers may have a breakthrough in the study of the etiology of pediatric oncology.

Objective To probe into the current services and outcomes of township hospitals following their transformation, and their future positioning of functionality. Methods Pinpointing townships A, B and C as samples from a district in Beijing, in which field surveys were made in the township hospitals to learn their services, service provision methods and outcomes. Results Among the current services provided by these three hospitals, those of public health and primary healthcare nature in hospital A account for 50% each; those in hospital B account for 70% and 30% respectively; those in hospital C account for 60% and 40% respectively. Recommendable services provided in these hospitals include universal coverage of medical files, management of infectious diseases, public health emergency management, and immunization. Conclusion Township hospitals as the center of the 3-tier rural health service network, deserve a repositioning of their functionality to fit the health needs of residents at large.

Objective To detect the expression of T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3) and its relationship with Th17/Treg cytokine isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF) cells in the asthmatic murine model and to investigate the role of Tim-3 in the occurrence and development of the asthmatic inflammation. Methods The asthmatic murine model was established by the method of ovalbumin (OVA) injection and inhalation. The mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: the normal control and the asthma group. PBMCs and BALF cells in each group were collected. Expression of Tim-3 mRNA was detected by the real-time PCR assay. Levels of CD4+IL-17+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+, reflecting expressions of Th17 and Treg respectively , were detected by flow cytometry. The correlationbetween Tim-3 and Th17/Treg level was analyzed. Results Contrast with the normal control group, the expression of Tim-3 mRNA in PBMCs and BALF cells in the asthma group increased significantly (P < 0.01). OVA sensitization and challenges resulted in the increased CD4+IL-17 production and the decreased CD4+CD25+Foxp3+in PBMCs and BALF cells compared with those in the normal control group (both P < 0.05). The ratio of Th17/Treg significantly increased in asthma group (P < 0.05). Tim-3 mRNA expression in PBMCs and BALF cells was positively correlated with CD4+IL-17+ level and Th17/Treg ratio , respectively , and was negatively correlated with CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ level. Conclusions Tim-3 mRNA level in PBMCs and BALF cells in the asthma group was increased , indicating that Tim-3 might take part in the occurrence and development of asthmatic inflammation and has a very close relationship with the Th17/Treg imbalance.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of sitagliptin and sitagliptin combined with glimepiride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Methods Ninety-two patients with T2DM were randomly divided into sitagliptin group (group J),glimepiride group (group G) and sitagliptin combined with glimepiride group (group U),group J took sitagliptin,group G took glimepiride,group U took sitagliptin and glimepiride.Before and after treatments,blood glucose and insulin were determined in the fasting and 2-hour blood samples after taking glucose (fasting blood-glucose (FPG),2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG),insulin (FIns),2-hour postprandial insulin (2hIns),and glycosylation hemoglobin (HBA1 c) were also determined and homeostasis model assessment was applied to estimate the functions index of islet β cell(HOMA-β).Results The levels of blood glucose and HBA1C in three groups decreased after treatments(FPG,(before treatment:(9.2±3.0),(9.2±2.8),(9.3±3.2) mmol/L),(after treatment:(7.7 ± 3.0),(6.9 ± 2.6),(6.0 ± 2.5) mmol/L),and t values are 2.205,3.203,3.691,P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.05 ;2 hPG (before treatment:(14.1 ± 5.7),(14.8 ±6.3),(15.0±6.8) mmol/L),(after treatment:(7.9 ±2.9),(9.0 ±3.1),(7.1 ±3.1) mmol/L),and t values are 3.881,3.159,4.189,P ＜ 0.01 ; HBA1c (before treatment:(8.52 ± 2.01)％,(8.48 ± 1.94)％,(8.56 ±2.27)％,(after treatment:(7.64 ± 1.92)％,(6.81 ± 1.55)％,(6.19 ± 1.84)％),t values are 2.292,2.184,3.269,P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.05) ; HOMA-β in the three groups increased after treatment ((before treatment:1.42 ± 0.07,1.44 ± 0.06,1.41 ± 0.11),(after treatment:1.76 ± 0.14,1.68 ± 0.20,1.85 ±0.17),t values are 2.180,2.073,2.882,P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.05);levels of HBA1c and blood glucose in group U were lower than those in group J and G(HBA1 c:t values are 2.785,2.138,P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01 ;FPG:t values are 2.252,2.346,P ＜0.05;2hPG:t values are 2.147,2.829,P ＜0.01,P ＜0.05),HOMA-β in which was higher than that of group G(t =2.153,P ＜ 0.05),but with no significant difference compared with group J (t =1.796,P ＞ 0.05),levels of HBA1C,FPG and HOMA-β in group J were higher than those of group G (t values are 2.108,2.202,2.121,P ＜ 0.05),level of 2hPG of group J was lower than that of group G(t =2.307,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Sitagliptin provides significant glycaemic control,together with glimepiride,clinical effect of treatment of type 2 diabetes will be enhanced.

Objective To investigate whether poly arginine as the carrier can carry foreign proteins to penetrate the cell membrane and even penetrate the eyeball barrier.Methods Poly-Args (R9) was used as a CPP in this study.R9-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and GFP were constructed.In vitro,human lens epithelial cells were treated with these two proteins.Then,MTT assay were used to detect whether the protein could affect the proliferation of the cells.Flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy were used to detect the penetrability of CPPs on the cells.In vivo,eyes of mice were treated with protein in eye drops way for 7 days.Then total protein were extracted,ELISA were used to detect the penetrability of CPPs.Results The results of MTT,flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy showed that CPPs could carry protein into cells in a dose dependent manner without affecting cell proliferation.In vivo,slit lamp showed that the mice eyeballs had no any abnormal after treated by GFP,R9-GFP,and ELISA results also showed that R9 could effectively get foreign protein into the eyeball.Conelusion R9 can carry foreign protein into the cell membrane and eyeball barrier.This study provides the basis for the eye medication and dosing mode improvement.

Objective To investigate the comprehensive intervention residents health literacy with the thera-peutic efficacy of hypertensive patients on diabetes,and to provide a reference for the implementation of clinical inter-ventions.Methods 1 684 cases of community residents were selected as the research objects.Lectures on health,one on one counseling,health manuals mode on the implementation of comprehensive intervention residents health litera-cy.Comparison of the residents after comprehensive intervention China citizen health literacy questionnairesurvey results,and the awareness rate of diabetes,high blood pressure,diabetes hypertension compared after comprehensive intervention,the awareness rate,treatment rate and control rate of blood pressure,blood glucose were investigated. Results After comprehensive intervention,the basic knowledge and concept healthy residents of the ratio of 81.94%,healthy lifestyle and behavior of the ratio of 82.18%to 81.77%the proportion of health,skills,health liter-acy was 54.98%,which were significantly higher than those of intervention,the difference (χ2 =17.88,90.67, 193.72,413.88,all P<0.05);the number of patients of hypertension in 537 cases,the incidence was 31.89%.The prevalence of hypertension in residents after comprehensive intervention,the awareness rate was 64.06%,the stand-ardized treatment rate was 51.02%and the control rate of hypertension was 35.01%,which were significantly higher than those of intervention(χ2 =67.93,24.85,30.66,all P<0.05);prevalence of diabetes in 269 cases,the inci-dence was 15.97%.The prevalence of diabetes in residents after comprehensive intervention,the awareness rate of diabetes was 78.07%,standardized treatment rate was 60.97%,the blood sugar control rate was 37.17%,which were significantly higher than those of intervention(χ2 =68.78,6.33,17.48,all P<0.05).Conclusion The comprehensive intervention residents health literacy is the effective measures to improve the residents'health literacy and health liter-acy,improve help control blood pressure in patients with hypertension and diabetes,glycemic index,which is of posi-tive significance to promoting the control hypertension,diabetes.

Objective To understand use of blood pressure-lowering medications and to identify factors contributing to their compliance among hypertensive patients at a community health-care service center under Huairou County Hospital, Beijing to improve community management for hypertensive therapy.Methods Medical records of hypertensive patients who visited Qiaozizhen community health-care service center in Huairou county, Beijing during June 2008 to May 2009 were analyzed and 849 of them were interviewed using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire with most closed ended questions included to understand their use of anti-hypertensive drugs and its related factors. Results In 849 hypertensive patients under community management, 78.92% percent (670/849) took anti-hypertensive drugs, 72.54%percent (486/670) in good compliance with drug treatment, and 29. 63 percent (144/486) under guidance of their general practitioners or visited secondary-care hospitals or above, 62. 14 percent (302/486) took drugs by themselves and 8. 23 percent (40/486) took drugs following advice by their relatives or other hypertensive patients. The most common used drugs in 503 hypertensive patients who could remember names of the drugs included reserpine compound tablets, reserpine and triamterene compound tablets (302/503, 60. 04% ) and calcium-channel blockers ( 181/503,35.98% ). Overall, blood pressure was under control in ( 289/849,34. 04% ) percent of those with community management, and( 189/486, 38. 89% ) percent of them kept in a good compliance, significantly higher than that in those with poor compliance (48/179,26. 82% ) (P =0. 0032). Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that drug compliance associated mainly with complications of hypertension ( OR of 4. 423 and 95% CI of ORs 2. 141 - 9. 137). Conclusions Drug compliance among hypertensive patients is still poor in rural Beijing, most with reserpine compound tablets.It is necessary to pay more attention to health education among hypertensive patients, particularly about when to start drug-taking and how to take drugs in a scientific way-regularly and complying with physicians'prescription.

Nowadays,the disconnection between pre-clinical medicine and clinical medicine exists in the medical postgraduate education.Application of the concept of translational medicine to the postgraduate education will play an important role in the training of medical personnel.This article gives a discussion on the means of training postgraduates by building a platform for translational medicine,reforming the curriculum,improving the research evaluation system and building cooperation among universities,hospitals and enterprises.