In order to promote the optional subjects' function in perfecting knowledge construction and developing the character of the students,through analyses of the results of 670 classmates’selection of optional subjects,we know in detail what kind of optional subjects students like and need.Therefore based on how to organize teaching and manage optional subjects we bring up the suggestions for enhancing the optional subjects ' development and management:setting students as the center and increasing optional subjects,establishing the leading teacher's system,reforming teaching method,enriching teaching means,and strengthening the management of the examination of optional subjects.

Objective · To compare the prevalence of tobacco advertisement before and after implementation of the new edition of Advertising Law of the People's Republic of China and evaluate the effects of implementation of the new Advertising Law. Methods · Tobacco sales places, public places, and streets in Shanghai were randomly selected to observe tobacco advertisement and complete the survey. The survey was carried out in 10 districts of Shanghai in June 2015 with 10 tobacco sales places selected in each district, and in 4 districts of Shanghai in June 2016 with 25 tobacco sales places selected in each district. Sales places included convenient stores, tobacco stores, supermarkets, and kiosks. In addition, public transport waiting points, public transport vehicles, hospitals, shopping centers, restaurants, bars, and Internet cafes were selected into survey in 2016. Results · In 2016, the proportion of tobacco sales places having tobacco advertisement was lower than that in 2015, but the proportion of tobacco promotion behaviors was higher. In 2016, 128 public places and streets were investigated and only 1 had outdoor tobacco advertisement. Conclusion · The new edition of Advertising Law has significant effect on controlling tobacco advertisement, but tobacco sales places still have tobacco advertisement with various disguised promotion forms. Tobacco sales places have diversified business styles and minors often enter these places. It is recommended that a clear definition of disguised forms of tobacco advertisement should be made, tobacco advertisement at tobacco sales places needs to be supervised, the release of tobacco advertisement should be strictly reviewed, and existing tobacco advertisement should be severely punished, so as to prevent minors from exposing to tobacco advertisement and information luring smoking.

Objective:To establish the quality standard for Huashengping capsules. Methods: Milkvetch Root, Hedyotis diffusa Willd and Salvia miltiorrhiza were identified by TLC. The content of astragaloside A was detected by HPLC. The column was Kormasil C18(250 mm ×4.6 mm, 5 μm) and the flow rate was 1.0 ml·min-1. The mobile phases was a mixture of acetonitrile-water (32∶68 ) . The detection wavelength was 203 nm. The column temperature was 25℃ and the sample size was 20μl. Results:The TLC chro-matography spots were clear. Astragaloside A was linear within the range of 2. 000-10. 000 μg(r=0. 999 6) and the average recovery was 100. 8%(RSD=1. 9%,n=6). Conclusion:The method is simple, accurate and reliable, which can be used in the quality con-trol of Huashengping capsules.

Objective To understand the life quality status of freshmen in higher medical colleges,and discuss the factors influencing the quality of life,in order to improve their life quality,and put forward the countermeasures and suggestions.Methods We randomly selected a higher medical colleges and universities in Yunnan,the grade one students were investigated with SF-36 scale investigation,the data were analyzed by t test and multiple linear regression analysis.Results The quality of life scores (PCS,MCS) of freshmen in this medical college are lower than the national norm,the segmentation in the field of eight only GH is higher than the national norm,and the RP,BP,VT,RE are lower than the national norm.There are six factors into the regression equation of the quality of life:health,insomnia,life pressure,communicating with people,life rule.Conclusions The QOL of freshmen in higher medical colleges and universities is low,relevant departments should be caused to take seriously.To improve the QOL,the government,society,school,personal must make joint efforts in many ways,and take targeted measures.

Objective To study clinical characters and prognosis of AIDS patients with opportunistic infections in Sichuan prov-ince .Methods We performed an retrospective analysis of 1 465 AIDS patients with opportunistic infections who were admitted into the transmitted disease hospital of Chengdu in recent 10 years .Results The overall mortality during hospitalization was 15 .49% . The leading cause of death was respiratory failure due to pneumonia (n=150 ,74 .62% ) or meningitis(n=47 ,23 .86% ) .Descending rank order of common opportunistic infections were respiratory tract ,the mouth swallows ,central nervous system ,gastrointestinal tract skin ,blood system .Descending rank order of common sites of infections were respiratory tract ,oropharynx ,central nervous system ,gastrointestinal tract skin ,reproductive tract .The multiple infections are common :more than 50% of patients suffering from two or more infections(50 .77% ) .Complexity of infection sites :42 .18% dual infection sites and 17 .20% three or more infec-tion sites .Conclusion The opportunistic infections disease spectrum of AIDS in Sichuan area has its own characteristics :multiple infections and multiple infections sites are both common ,death risks are high ,conditions of patients are severe generally ,and respir-atory failure is the main cause of death .

Objective:To explore the predictive value of cervical length and morphology detected by transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes in high-risk pregnant women.Methods:From January 2014 to October 2018, 150 high-risk pregnant women admitted to Pingyang Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University were divided into two groups according to whether premature rupture of membranes occurred.In the control group, 91 cases of premature rupture of membranes did not occur.In the observation group, 59 patients had premature rupture of membranes.The differences in cervix shortening, cervical length and funnel shape of the cervix were compared between the two groups.The differences in specificity and sensitivity between different cervical lengths and funnel-like changes were observed.Results:The cervical shortening, cervical length and funnel-shaped number in the observation group were (16.9±2.1)weeks, (13.7±6.9)mm and 37 cases(62.71%), respectively, which in the control group were (20.2±2.8)weeks, (18.3±8.0)mm and 40 cases(43.96%), respectively, the differences were statistically significant( t=9.268, 6.056, χ 2=5.297, all P<0.05). The predictive value of transvaginal ultrasound for the sensitivity of cervical length<10 mm and funnel shape>75% was too low, but the specificity was high(91.20% and 95.00%). The sensitivity and 95% confidence interval for cervical length<20 mm were 61.54%, 0.8~4.4, respectively.The sensitivity and 95% confidence interval of cervical length<15 mm were 43.59% and 0.9~6.5, respectively.The sensitivity and 95% confidence interval of funnel shape>25% were 84.62% and 0.3~3.5, respectively.The sensitivity and 95% confidence interval of funnel shape>50% were 43.59% and 0.7~7.2, respectively.In the control group, there was no cervical length<10 mm and funnel shape>75%.The sensitivity of cervical length<20 mm was 61.54%, the 95% confidence interval was 0.2~3.0.The sensitivity of funnel shape>25% and the 95% confidence interval were 44.29% and 0.3~3.8, respectively. Conclusion:For cervical length<10 mm, funnel morphology>75% has excellent predictive value for premature rupture of membranes, which is the main reason for maternal preterm birth.

Objective:To explore the efficacy of sheet hydrogel dressings in the prevention of acute radiodermatitis.Methods:A total of 120 patients,who underwent the first radiotherapy were randomly divided into the control group and the study group, with 60 cases in each group.The control group was treated by external application with Lifuning(skin protection agent for radiation therapy)and the study group was treated by external application with sheet hydrogel dressings.The occurrence time and the grade of acute radiodermatitis at the first onset were compared between the two groups.Results:The occurrence time of acute radiodermatitis was significantly later in the study group than that in the control group(P <0.01).The grade of acute ra-diodermatitis at the first onset was significantly lower in the study group than that in the control group(P <0.01).Conclusions:Sheet hydrogel dressings can prevent the occurrence of acute radiodermatitis effectively.

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of adhesive hydrocellular foam dressing for the treatment of radiodermati‐tis in patients with breast cancer after radiotherapy .Methods:A total of 50 patients with breast cancer who received radiothera‐py from Jan 2012 to Sep 2014 were recruited in the study group ,and adhesive hydrocellular foam dressing were applied to treat radiodermatitis .And 50 patients with breast cancer from Feb 2009 to Oct 2011 who received vitamin B12 by topical application were recruited as control group .The two groups were compared in frequency of dressing change ,healing time ,degree of pain , cost and interference on radiotherapy .Results:There were significant differences between study group and control group in fre‐quency of dressing change ,healing time ,degree of pain ,cost and interference on radiotherapy(P<0 .05) .Conclusions:Adhesive hydrocellular foam dressing has significant advantage in treating radiodermatitis resulting from radiotherapy in patients with breast cancer .

OBJECTIVETo study the clinicopathological characteristics diagnosis, differential diagnosis and etiology of demyelination pseudotumors of the brain.

METHODSThe clinical features, CT, MRI scan findings, corticosteroid therapeutic effects and follow-up data of 3 cases of demyelination pseudotumors of the brain were analysed, and pathological changes were observed by histologic (HE, Luxol fast blue and Bodian) and immunohistochemical (S-P method) techniques.

RESULTSThe acute onset of demyelination pseudotumors appeared to be more predominant in our data. Clinical manifestations included headache, vomiting, a depressed conscious level, dysphasia, and paresis. CT, MRI scans showed solitary or multiple lesions in cerebral hemisphere. All the patients presented excellent response to steroid treatment. Follow-up for a period of 6 to 31 months, revealed the absence of progression or recurrence. The pathological changes were mainly located in both cerebral hemispheres, in which there were relative axonal preservation in foci loss of myelin, reactive gliosis, profuse perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and mixtures of foamy macrophages.

CONCLUSIONDemyelination pseudotumor is a distinct clinicopathologic encephalitic entity. The findings of this study suggest that the cause of tumefactive demyelination may be related to an allergic reaction triggered by viral infection.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Demyelinating Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; methods ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pseudotumor Cerebri ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods

The pediatric reference intervals in clinical laboratory play an important role in diagnosis of illness,therapeutic monitoring,prediction of prognosis and health evaluation.Compared with establishing reference interval for adults,there are more challenges to establish pediatric reference intervals.Therefore,the procedure and key technologies of direct method and indirect method are stated based on the characteristics of children population and pediatric,by which to define,transfer and validate pediatric reference intervals.This study will provide systematically methodological ideas for clinical laboratories to establish pediatric reference intervals.