Aim To disclose the molecular mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang decoction(LW)enhances the cognitive function of central nervous system, the effects of Liuwei Dihuang decoction on the differential expression genes in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse was studied. Methods There were 8 gene expression patterns, such as SAMP8 and SAMR1, SAMP8 as negative control and SAMR1 as positive control, huperzine A-treated SAMP8 and SAMP8 as negative control, LW-treated SAMP8 and SAMP8 as negative control, were compared and assessed by use of the differential expression cDNA microarray of the hippocampus of SAMP8 and SAMR1. The response genes of LW were compared. Results LW had significant modulating effects on some of the gene expressions. Expressions of genes, such as DUSP12, NSF, STUB1, CaMKⅡ?, AMFR, UQCRFS1 and other 11 novel genes without any functional clues changed significantly. These genes involved in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family, the AAA(ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities)gene family, the serine/threonine protein kinases family, ubiquitin ligase, mitochondrial function and so on. Conclusions These results suggested LW effects on the cognitive impairments might be multi-mechanism and these genes might be the potential gene targets for LW effects on the impairments.

Vesicular glutamate transporters(VGLUTs)package specifically glutamate into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal for subsequent release into the synaptic cleft.VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 together label all glutamatergic neurons,are highly specific markers of glutamatergic neurons and their axon terminals.VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are respectively the neurochemical marker of cortico-cortical projection and thalamo-cortical projection.VGLUT3 is also expressed in cholinergic interneurons,serotoninergic neurons,subsets of GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.The disfunction of VGLUTs can lead to the abnormal excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate,resulting in many nervous system disease.In order to give a clue for prevention and therapy of these diseases,this paper reviews the disfunction of VGLUTs effects on Alzheimer's disease(AD),Parkinson's disease(PD),schizophrenia,depressive disorder,epilepsy and deafness.

Objective To investigate the clinical forensic assessment on cases of suspected medical malpractice and the other related aspects concerning the assessment in clinical forensic expertise. Methods Clinical data from 25 cases expertized for suspicion of medical malpractice were retrospectively analyzed. Results 16 cases were due to the medical muff (10 cases of 16 medical muff had a bad consequence and happened in the department of operation, 6 cases had not ones); 9 cases were non-medical muff. Conclusion Though the medical muff recognized is basic, but the relationship between the medical muff and the following bad results of medical muff is the best key for the forensic expertise. Otherwise, the scientific and practical value must be considered in the forensic expertise.

The Eph protein family,consisting of Eph receptors and their corresponding membrane-anchored protein ligands-Ephrin,is no doubt the largest receptor protein tyrosine kinases family till now.Interactions between Eph receptors and Ephrin ligands based on their special structure might make the Eph protein family one of new targets of disease′s treatment and consequently studies related to Eph proteins and their receptors have draw more and more attention.This overview will focus on recent progresses in the classification,gene expression,protein structure,function and protein-receptor interactions of the Eph protein family and their receptors.Much of the focus of this overview is on their physiological and pathophysiological role in nervous system and their therapeutic perspective from several aspects.

Luteinizing hormone(LH)is a gonadotropin of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis(HPG),secreted by the anteri?or pituitary. The secretion of LH is directly controlled by the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH),acts at the ovaries and testes to stimulate the production of gonadal hormones. Aging leads to increases in LH,and higher serum levels of LH has been ob?served in Alzheimer′s disease(AD)patients when compared to age-matched controls. Evidences from basic research and epidemiologi?cal investigation support the critical role of elevated LH in pathogenic process of AD and deteriorating cognitive decline. Here we sum?marize the recent discoveries containing human AD epidemiological evidence for LH,cognitive impairments resulting from LH activi?ty,LH in AD pathology and LH receptor signaling mechanisms.

Objective To observe and evaluate the location of the three compartments of the pelvic floor organ and levator hiatus area in the postpartum women by transperineal real time three-dimensional ultrasound.Methods Sixty eases of maternal with the matching age and body mass index (BMI;postpartum group) and 35 non-fertile women (control group)were selected.The distance between the lower edge and the reference line was measured by the transperineal ultrasound at rest and Valsalva movement in the lowest point of bladder,cervix and rectum.Meanwhile,the area of levator hiatus under Valsalva action was measured by real time 3-dimensional ultrasound.The differences were compared between two groups.Results In the postpartum group,the lowest point of the bladder and cervix was lower than the control group at rest and Valsalva movemen (both P＜0.05).Rectum location in the rest state difference between the two groups had no statistical significance (t=0.405,P =0.398).The area of the levator hiatus of the postpartum group was significantly larger than that of the control group at the rest and Valsalva movement (t=11.253,9.625,P＜0.001).Conclusion Transperineal real time 3-dimensional ultrasound can dynamically observe the position,movement of pelvic floor organ and the area of levator hiatusin of the female.To evaluate the pregnancy and childbirth have obvious effect on the pelvic floor support tissues.

Technologies for glycomics usually involve methods for separation and purification of poly-saccharides, and separation, structure resolution, quantification, property investigation and function comment of glycan chains. Because of the different biochemical properties of glycoproteins, proteogly-cans and glycolipids, the separation and purification of polysaccharides involve corresponding fractional precipitation, boric acid affinity, titanium dioxide, affinity chromatography, size exclusion method, and gel filtration chromatography column chromatography methods. The lectins, water affinity chromatogra-phy , solid phase extraction and other technologies could be applied to the oil enrichment of high pure and specific glycan chains. The structure of glycan chains can be analyzed using lectin microarray technolo-gy, mass spectrometry, and derivatization markers of glycan chains. lsotope labelling and metabolic labeling can be used to quantify glycan chains. The glycan biological function can be better understood using glycan chain structure analysis software and database of glycan chains by bioinformatics.

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are distributed throughout the central nervous system and can proliferate, migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. The core function of oligodendrocytes is to produce myelin, form a myelin sheath, wrap the axons, and increase the conduction rate of neurons. Recent studies have shown that large numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells exist in the lesions of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, and these cells play an important role in the repair of neurological damage. The physiological functions of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are reviewed in order to provide a new idea and direction for the research and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective: To explore sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor2 (RyR 2) expression and calcium releasing function in chronic heart failure (CHF) rabbits and to study the impact of long term valsartan treatment in relevant animals. Methods: HF model was established by volume overloading with pressure overloading in experimental rabbits. 27 rabbits were divided into 3 groups: Sham group, HF group and HF+valsartan group. n=9 in each group and the animals were treated for 7 weeks. Left ventricular structure, hemodynamic parameters, expression and functional changes of myocardiocyte sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR 2 were observed and compared among different groups. Results: Compared with Sham group, HF group had increased left ventricular mess index (LVMI), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and decreased left ventricular shortening fraction, LVEF, all P<0.05. Compared with HF group, HF+valsartan group showed decreased LVMI, LVEDP and increased left ventricular shortening fraction, LVEF, all P<0.05. Sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR 2 expression and calcium releasing function were lower in HF group than Sham group, P<0.05; while they were both higher in HF+valsartan group than HF group, P<0.05. Conclusion: Long term application of valsartan could improve the cardiac function which might be related to increased myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR 2 expression and calcium releasing function in experimental CHF rabbits.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of lateral-rectus approach(LRA) for vertical shear fracture of pelvis combined with lumbosacral plexus nerve injury.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of the 37 patients who had been treated at Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital to Southern Medical University for vertical shear pelvic fracture combined with lumbosacral plexus nerve injury from August 2010 to August 2018. They were 25 males and 12 females, aged from 18 to 61 years (mean, 36.2 years). By the Tile classification, there were 31 cases of type C1.3, 5 cases of type C2 and one of type C3. LRA was used in all the patients to explore and release the lumbosacral plexus nerve and to reduce the sacral fracture. The posterior ring was fixated with an anterior iliac plate or sacral screws before fixation of the anterior ring and treatment of the acetabular fracture. The operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, quality of fracture reduction, fracture union time and recovery of nerve and muscle strength were recorded.Results:For this cohort, the operation time ranged from 105 to 228 minutes (mean, 155.0 minutes) and the intraoperative bleeding volume from 680 to 2, 440 mL (mean, 1, 070 mL). Thefollow-up time ranged from 1 to 8 years (average, 2 years). According to the Matta criteria, the quality of fracture reduction was evaluated as excellent in 21 cases, as good in 12 cases and as fair in 4 cases, giving an excellent and good rate of 89.2%. Follow-ups revealed reduction loss in 4 patients, nonunion and reduction loss in one patient and bony union in the other 32 patients after 8 to 12 weeks (mean, 10.1 weeks). According to the criteria by the Nerve Injuries Committee of the British Medical Research Council (BMRC), the recovery of nerve and muscle strength achieved M5 (full recovery of neurological symptoms) in 22 cases, M4 (fine recovery of neurological symptoms) in 7 cases, M1, M2 and M3 (partial recovery of neurological symptoms) in 5 cases, and M0 (no recovery of neurological symptoms) in 3 cases.Conclusion:LRA is an ideal surgical approach for treatment of pelvic vertical shear fractures complicated with lumbosacral plexus nerve injury, because it can well expose the medial pelvic joint from the sacroiliac joint to the symphysis pubis, allow direct release of the lumbosacral plexus nerve compressed and stretched, and, together with traction of the lower limbs, lead to satisfactory fracture reduction.