Segmentation of cryo-electron micrograph (Cryo-EM) image is crucial to identification of macromolecular particles. In this paper, the features of Cryo-EM image are discussed and a new automatic segmentation algorithm for Cryo-EM image based on wavelet transformation and difference of Gaussian (DoG) is also provided. This method uses wavelet decomposition to do the multi-resolution analysis, which can depress noise and enhance contrast. After DoG image is segmented by using OTSU method, main edges are selected by the combination of gray and grads information. Experiment results show that the algorithm has good result.

Objective Probing into the rationale of DRGs payment standards for references to making DRGs payment standards.Methods Based on the DRGs grouping results of circulatory diseases cases admitted by a tertiary hospital from 2003 to 2005,two typical combinations were selected to determine the payment standard for each DRGs combination.Unnecessary medical expenses were excluded.Results According to the percentage of unnecessary medical expenses,Angina,non-special nursing,and class 1 nursing were in a group,with unnecessary medical expenses per ease of 758.00 yuan;CAG,single stent implantation,acute myocardial infaction as the main diagnose were in a group,with medical expenses per case of 2814.03 yuan;such expenses account for 6.20% of the total hospitalization expenses of both groups.Conclusions If the average expenses with unnecessary medical expenses excluded are set as the combined payment standard,hospitals will be restrained from unnecessary medical behaviors and expenses so incurred.

BACKGROUND: Alienation is derived from dissimilation in philosophy.It is practically defined as the subjective state of individuals who develop negative feelings such as social isolation, uncontrollable and meaningless sense, oppression, and self-alienation because they are alien to others, the.society, nature and themselves, and even feel controlled.OBJECTIVE: To investigate alienation from psychological perspective,aiming to construct and verify the theoretical hypothesis of alienation,thereby working out alienation scale for adolescent students.DESIGN: Cross-sectional investigation.SETTING:National Key Research Center of Basic Psychology and National Key Liberal Arts of Southwest Normal University.PARTICIPANTS: The investigation was carried out from March to June 2000. The method of cohort stratified random sampling was adopted and the questionnaire was administered to adolescent students in Chongqing City and Lanzhou City. Inclusion criteria: volunteer students of grade one in junior high school to grade four in colleges. Exclusion criteria: Those who had incomplete data or had differences of more than 6 points in the total scores for three matched lie-testing questions in the questionnaire. A total of 1502 pieces of questionnaire were collected (including 1 066 questionnaires used for exploratory factor analysis and 436 questionnaires for verifying factor analysis); the age of the students covered the whole range of adolescence, and the boy-to-girl ratio in each grade was matched.METHODS:We combined literature analysis, investigation research and interview. The details are as follows: First, theoretical hypothesis was put forward based on literature analysis; then related variances were collected through interviews and open questionnaires, which were compared with the items in scales used home and abroad at present so as to work out predicting questions for adolescence alienation questionnaire. Finally, 52 items were screened out and used to construct the preliminary questionnaire. The formal alienation scale was made after standardized designation of behavioral variances, and verified for alienation analysis in adolescent students.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Behavioral apparent variances were collected based on interviews and open questionnaires, and used as psychological potential variances after statistical processing.RESULTS:Data of 1502 pieces of questionnaire were analyzed.① The correlation coefficient of each item in the scale was over 0.35. ② The correlation coefficient of each item with the dimension was over 0.30, with statistical significance(P ＜ 0.01). ③ The reliability coefficient of each item was over 0.39 with great significance(P ＜ 0.01). ④ Alienation was displayed in three dimensions: social alienation, interpersonal alienation and surrounding alienation, which were associated with the correspondingdimensions of related scales (P ＜ 0.05-0.01). ⑤Alienation could be divided into 9 levels: sense of meaninglessness, sense of self alienation, isolation, nature alienation, parent alienation, environmental alienation, sense of uncontrollability and social alienation. Parameters that accorded with the theoretical hypothesis and used for verifying analysis were proved rational.Based on the analysis of the 9 first-rank factors, second-rank structural model of 3 unrelated factors were obtained using main component analysis and the maximum variance cross rotation with the optimal coefficients of simulated parameters of: X2/df=4.87;GFI=0.94;A GFI=0.90;RMR=0.0S;NFI=0.93;NNFI=0.92;CFI=0.95;IFI=0.95.CONCLUSION: Alienation scale has been proved to be reliable and valid. It can be used to assess alienation in adolescent students and has potential value of application in healthy psychological development and psychological education.

With the indepth studies of molecular mechanisms of renal cell carcinoma ( RCC),people have made great progress in the targeted therapy drugs which targeted at vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors,which dramatically improve the treatment outcome for patients with advanced or metastatic RCC.However,recent clinical trails show that the targeted therapy drugs may cause adverse events,such as hypertension,bone marrow toxicity,pneumonitis and so on.It is important to manage the adverse events promptly not only to improve the therapeutic efficacy but also to improve the quality of life for patients with RCC.

Pirh2 (p53-induced protein with a Ring-H2 domain),one of the ubiquitin-protein E3 ligases,can promote p53 degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway,and repress the biological functions of p53.Researchers have found that the Pirh2 is overexpressed in many cancers,which suggests Pirh2 is probably correlated with tumorigenesis and cancer development,and it may become a promising cancer therapeutic target.

Objective To study the compressive education on nursing students in operation room.Methods 84 nursing students in practice were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group with 42 students in each group.The two groups were in a month to complete the teaching syllabus internship period.The control group received conventional teaching,on the basis of conventional teaching,the observation group was given compressive education.After the end of internship,nursing skill score,comprehensive quality,operation doctors'satisfaction degree were compared between two groups.Results After the compressive education,the nursing skill score,comprehensive quality,operation doctors'satisfaction degree in the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group.Conclusions According to the source of pressure in the operation room,compressive education should be given to the nursing students and make them complete the practice in a relaxed and delight state.This can also reflect the humanistic care in teaching,which is worthy of being popularized in teaching in operation room.

Objective To compare the clinical effect of radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging(SPECT)and multilayer spiral CT coronary artery imaging(MSCT) in the diagnosis of coronsry artery disease(CHD).Methods The clinical data of 36 patients suspected with CHD and routine inspection of SPECT and MSCT were retrospectively analyzed.The diagnostic effects of two methods were compared.Results The sensitivity,specificity and the rate of accuracy of SPECT was 89.47％,94.12％,and 91.67％,respectively,while the sensitivity,specificity and the rate of accuracy of MSCT was 84.21％,94.12％,and 88.89％,respectively.There were no obvious difference in two groups (x2 =1.265,1.668,2.005,1.526,1.889,all P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion There was a high degree consistency on the diagnosis of CHD between SPECT and MSCT.In the application,combined with the two methods could improve the diagnosis of CHD.

Background Rabbits are commonly used as animal models for the evaluation of drugs and surgery to lower intraocular pressure (IOP).The accuracy of IOP measurement is therefore critical in the analysis of data and subsequent extrapolation to humans.An accurate method to measure rabbit IOP is intracameral manometry,but it is an invasive way.Schi(o)tz,Perkins and Rebound were often used in clinic.However,their accuracy in measuring rabbit IOP in experimental study is unclear.Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of IOP measured by Schi(o)tz tonometer,Perkins tonometer and Rebound tonometer relative to intracameral manometry in New Zealand white rabbits.Methods The central corneal thickness (CCT),corneal curvature (CC),axial length (AL),anterior chamber depth (ACD),lens thickness (LT) and scleral thickness (ST) were respectively measured in 8 eyes of 8 healthy New Zealand white rabbits with lenstar900 and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).The actual IOP was measured with a 24G needle inserted the anterior chamber and connected to a pressure transducer under the general anesthesia,the IOP gradient was set with a 24G needle inserting the vitreous cavity and connecting to a container with balanced salt solution(BSS).Then,comparative measurements at the same pressures were performed with three types of tonometers.The IOP values from Schi(o)tz tonometer,Perkins tonometer and Rebound tonometer were calibrated based on actual IOP from intracameral manometry and eyeball physiological parameters by multiple regression equation.Results The mean of CCT,CC,AL,ACD,LT and ST was (338.96 ±21.52) μm,(51.68±1.66) D,(14.63±0.19) mm,(2.22±0.04) mm,(6.15±0.10) mm and (339.80±47.41) μm.Compared with the intracameral manometry value (IMV),the error range was (17.08± 11.22) mmHg in the Schi(o)tz tonometer value (STV),(25.81±12.43) mmHg in the Perkins tonometer value (PTV) and (22.50±11.47) mmHg in the Rebound tonometer value (RTV),with significant differences between them (t =10.54,14.39,13.59,all at P＜ 0.05).Compared with IMV,the 95％ limits of agreement of three portable tonometer values is larger,and three portable tonometer values had the greater measurement error with elevated IOP gradient.The regression equations was IOP =141.015 + 1.570 × STV + 0.122 × CCT-3.480 × CC between actual IOP and STV (R =0.92,P =0.00),IOP =-33.323+1.914×PTV+0.133×CCT between actual IOP and PTV(R =0.88,P=0.00),IOP=160.395+1.866×RTV+ 0.201×CCT+34.554×LT-2.649×CC+0.063×ST between actual IOP and RTV (R=0.95,P=0.00).Conclusions The physiological parameters of rabbit eyeball are obviously different from human.The STV,PTV and RTV have a great measuring error in comparson with actual IOP,and therefore it is necessary to correct STV,PTV and RTV based on the ocular physiology parameters in experimental study.

The research findings published by National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project have continued to change the clinical practice of early-stage breast cancer over the past decade.Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become the new surgical operation standard.The aromatase inhibitor adjuvant endocrine therapy cycle has been extended from 5 years to 10 years, which benefits the patients with high risk and reactivity.Chemotherapy combined with trastuzumab has become the standard adjuvant therapy strategy of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive invasive breast cancer.In addition, the research progress is also related to the optimization of the fields including the postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Objective To study the effects of insulin resistance on the occurance of hypertension in uremia. Methods With use of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the insulin release test (IRT) , insulin glycoregulatory activity, including insulin sensitivity index (ISI) , glucose uptake rate (M) and the total areas under the glucose and insulin curves during OGTTs (AUCG, AUCINS) were investigated in 29 hypertensive (CRF-H) and 21 normotensive (CRF-NH) urernic patients and 12 healthy controls (C), and their plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin Ⅱ (AT Ⅱ) levels were investigated too. Results (1) Uremic patients had significantly higher blood glucose and serum insulin levels after glucose load, much higher AUCG and AUCINS values and significantly lower ISI and M values than the controls, compared with the CRF-NH patients, CRF-H patients had significantly higher blood glucose levels at 30', 60', 120', and higher serum insulin levels at 120' during OGTTS, significantly higher AUCG and AUCINS values, significantly lower ISI and M values and significantly increased incidences of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance; (2) Insulin resistant patients had more frequency and severe hypertension than the non-insulin resistant ones; simple regression showed that arterial blood pressure (SBP, DBF, MBP) had significant negative correlation with ISI and M, significant positive correlation with AUCG and AUCINS; (3) The levels of PRA, ATⅡbetween two CRT groups were not different; (4) Multiple linear regression showed that AUCG and AUCINS had significant positive correlation with MBP independent of age、 sex、 obesity、 the degree of real failure and plasma renin-angiotensin activity. Conclusion Insulin resistance 、 hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance or hyperglycemia may be one of the important mechanisms of uremic hypertension.