Rotavirus (RV) is one of the major pathogens responsible for acute viral gastro-enteritis in children. The infec-tion of RV is dependent upon the recognition of the host cell speciifc receptors and attachment. Thus, receptors are the important factors of infection. Recent studies have suggested that a genetic factor might play a role in the susceptibility of hosts to RV infec-tion. Histo-blood group antigens have recently been discovered as receptors binding to RV, which are important for the study of evolution. Thus it will be also crucial for the pathogenesis and epidemiology and prevention and treatment for RV. In this article, we will review the correlation of the RV infection and histo-blood group antigens and further discuss the development of optimal vaccine.

Objective: To survey and analyze risk factors for coronary artery stenosis in young and middle-aged people to provide thinking for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Methods: The risk factors of 167 patients with coronary artery stenosis proved by coronary angiography from Mar 2011 to Jun 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Logistic multiple regression analysis indicated that risk factors of coronary artery stenosis in turn were hypertension（1.784），hyperlipidemia（1.708），smoking（1.095）, waist-hip ratio（0.877）, family history of diabetes mellitus（0.781）, high homocysteine（0.608）, serum matrix metalloproteinase-9（0.579）,obesity（0.458）, lack of exercise（0.427）, P<0.01 all according to β value,. Conclusion: Early prevention focusing on relative risk factors may play a vital role for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in young and middle-aged people.

AIM To investigate the protective effects of polysaccharides from Dendrobium nobile Lindl.on cerebra ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats and its possible mechanism of action.METHODS One hundred and five SD rats were divided into sham group,model group,Nimodipine group (10 mg/kg) and treatment groups with low-,medium-,and high dose (50,100,and 200 mg/kg) of polysaccharides from D.nobile.The right middle cerebral artery of rats was occluded by inserting a.thread through internal carotid artery for 2 h,and was sampled after reperfusion for 24 h.The rats received gavage once a day for 7 d before operation.Neurological deficits score,brain index,brain water content and infarct size in rats were conducted at the end of reperfusion;the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px),myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) of brain tissue and blood serum were measured by chemical colorimetry;the infiltration of neutrophile granulocyte in rat ischemic cortex were detected with immune-fluorescence staining.RESULTS Sham group had no neurological deficit,but the model group showed severe neurological deficits,meanwhile,the infarct size,brain index and brain water content rose markedly,the content of MDA and the activity of MPO of the brain tissue and the blood serum increased remarkably,while the activity of SOD and GSH-Px apparently decreased;compared with the model group,neurological deficits of rats were improved significantly in polysaccharides from D.nobile dose groups,moreover,the infarct size,brain index and brain water content markedly declined,the MDA level and the activity of MPO significantly decreased,but the activity of SOD,GSH-Px increased remarkably;the infiltration of neutrophile granulocyte in the high dose group significantly decreased compared with the model group.CONCLUSION Polysaccharides from D.nobile has some neuroprotective effects on local cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,and that may be related to the remove of oxygen free radicals and the decrease in inflammation reaction.

Objective To observe the difference of retinal vessel oxygen saturation in glaucoma and normal eyes.Methods A cross sectional study design was performed.Fifty eyes of 30 glaucoma patients (glaucoma group) and 41 eyes of 27 age-and sex-matched healthy subjects (control group) were included.Retinal vessel oxygen saturation was measured with a spectrophotometric retinal oximeter in darkness and visual fields were obtained by Humphrey filed analyzer.The glaucoma eyes were divided into two groups:mean defect (MD) ＜6 dB (28 eyes) and MD≥6 dB (22 eyes) according to mean defect of visual field.Results Retinal arteriolar oxygen saturation values in glaucoma group and control group were (94.52 ±6.51) ％ and (93.47±6.30) ％ respectively.No statistical difference was found in retinal oxygen saturation in arterioles (H =-0.949,P =0.343).Retinal venous oxygen saturation values in glaucoma group and control group were (57.57 ± 7.96)％ and (52.60 ± 7.70) ％ respectively.The retinal venous oxygen saturation values in glaucoma group was higher than that in control group (H=-3.318,P=0.001).The retinal arteriovenous difference in glaucoma group and control group were (36.59± 4.69)％ and (42.41 ±6.73) ％ respectively.The retinal arteriovenous difference in glaucoma group was lower than that in control group (H=-4.148,P＜0.01).The retinal arteriolar oxygen saturation values in glaucoma eyes with MD＜6 dB and MD≥6 dB were (93.38 ± 6.33)％ and (95.71 ± 6.54)％ respectively,with no statistical difference (H=-1.857,P=0.063).Retinal venous oxygen saturation values in glaucoma eyes with MD＜6 dB and MD≥6 dB were (54.83 ± 6.10) ％ and (6 1.07 ± 8.79) ％ respectively.The retinal venous oxygen saturation values in MD≥ 6 dB glaucoma eyes was higher than that in MD＜ 6 dB glaucoma eyes (H =-2.599,P=0.009).The retinal arteriovenous difference in glaucoma eyes with MD＜6 dB and MD≥6 dB were (38.12± 4.34) ％ and (34.64 ± 4.49) ％ respectively.The retinal arteriovenous difference in MD≥6 dB glaucoma eyes was lower than that in MD＜6 dB glaucoma eyes (H=-2.463,P＜0.05).Conclusions Compared with healthy eyes,there is no change in the retinal arteriolar oxygen saturation,but the retinal venous oxygen saturation is higher and the retinal arteriovenous difference is lower.This feature is more obvious in MD≥6 dB glaucoma eyes.

Objective ToexplorethevalueofspectralCTimaginginmultiGparameterquantitativeanalysisoflungcancerwithdifferent pathologicaltypes.Methods SpectralCTimagesof72patientswithlungcancerprovedbypathologywereanalyzed,includingadenocarcinoma (ADC)in44cases,squamouscellcarcinoma(SQCC)in23casesandsmallcelllungcancer(SCLC)in5cases.Theslopeof40－100keVspectralattenuationcurve(λH),effectiveatomicnumber(EffectiveGZ),Calciumconcentration,hydroxyapatite(HAP)concentration, normalizediodineconcentration(NIC)and Waterconcentration were measuredandcomparedrespectively.The O n eG W a y analysisof variance (ANOVA ) was used and a value of P＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results (1 )O n plain C T ,there were statisticallysignificantdifferencesinEffectiveGZandλHamongthreeGdiseasegroups(F＝3.423,P＝0.04,F＝3.476,P＝0.038,respectively). (2)IncontrastGenhancedarterialphase,theWaterconcentrationandλHshowedstatisticallysignificantdifferencesamongthreegroups (F＝6.303,P＝0.003,F＝5.833,P＝0.005,respectively).(3)Invenousphase,thedifferenceinNICandλH wasstatisticallysignificant amongthegroups(F＝3.974,P＝0.023,F＝6.766,P＝0.002,respectively).(4)Apairwisecomparisonshowedtherewerestatistically significantdifferencesinallquantitativeparametersofspectralCTbetweenADCandSQCCgroups.ROCcurveanalysisshowedthat thosequantitativeparametersinvenousphaseappearedtohavehighdiagnosticefficiencyindifferentiatingADCfromSQCC,especiallyfor theλHinVP,withaAUCof0.754,sensitivityof79.5%,specificityof69.6%andthresholdvalueof1.78.Conclusion CTSpectral multiGparameterimagingprovidesanewsupplementarymethodforpreoperativediagnosisofADCandSQCC,andλHinvenousphase hasthehighestvalueindifferentiatingADCfromSQCC.

Objective To analysis the effect of lens opacity on the measurement of retinal vessel oxygen saturation.Methods This was a cross sectional study.Forty four eyes of 44 patients with different degrees of lens opacity were enrolled.There were 23 males and 21 females.The patients aged from 48 to 84 years,with the mean age of(71.8± 10.3) years.The mean best corrected visual acuity was 0.65±0.22.The mean intraocular pressure was (14.2± 4.3) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa).The mean equivalent spherical degree was (-0.05 ± 2.10) D.The opitical quality analysis system was applied to measure intraocular objective scattering index (OSI) caused by lens opacity.According to the OSI,the opacity of lens was divided into four groups.Patients with OSI value ＜ 1.0 was grouped to level 1,which indicated that the lens were basically transparent;patients with OSI value between 1.0 and 3.0 was grouped to level 2,which indicated early cataract;patients with OSI value between 3.0 and 7.0 was grouped to level 3,which indicated progressive cataract;patients with OSI value ＞ 7.0 was grouped to level 4,which indicated the mature stage of cataract.The retinal oximeter Oxymap T1 was used to capture the fundus images under different wavelengths.Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between retinal oxygen saturation and age,intraocular pressure,equivalent spherical degree and OSI.One way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference of retinal oxygen saturation among groups.Results The mean retinal arterial oxygen saturation,venous oxygen saturation and arteriovenous difference was (90.70± 6.46)％,(47.34 ± 13.51)％,(43.36 ± 10.09)％,respectively.The correlations of retinal arterial oxygen saturation,venous oxygen saturation and arteriovenous difference with age,intraocular pressure,equivalent spherical degree was not statistically significant (all P＞0.05).The retinal arterial oxygen saturation and venous oxygen saturation was negatively correlated with OSI (r=-0.462,-0.500;P=0.002,0.001),the arteriovenous difference and OSI was positively correlated (r=0.373,P=0.013).According to lens opacity,there were 11 eyes in level 1,9 eyes in level 2,14 eyes in level 3,10 eyes in level 4.There were significant differences of retinal artery and venous oxygen saturation among different lens opacity levels (F=5.340,4.710;P=0.003,0.007);meanwhile,the arteriovenous difference was not significantly different (F=2.048,P=0.123).The retinal arterial oxygen saturation and venous oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the level 4 lens opacity group than any other three groups (all P＜0.05),but there was no statistically significant difference among level 1 to level 3 lens opacity group.Conclusion The effect of lens opacity of level 1 to level 3 is limited on the measurement of retinal oxygen saturation,but level 4 lens opacity will cause decrease of retinal artery and venous oxygen saturation.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the type of exposure to early family disadvantaged risks and internalization problems in adolescents.Methods:Totally 746 adolescents were assessed with family disadvantaged risk items and Chinese version of Achenbach youth self-report (YSR-CV). The Welch's ANOVA test and post-hoc test were used to compare the scores of three different risk factors on internalization problems.The independent sample t-test was adopted to compare the scores of internalization problems between experienced 5 or more kinds of risk factors and less than 5.Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between the number of family risk factors experienced and the scores of internalization problems.Random forest regression analysis was used to test the variable importance(VI) of the internalization problem. Results:The differences in anxiety/depression and withdrawal scores between higher or lower-level risks group were significant ( P<0.05). The scores of adolescents with five or more adverse experiences on anxiety/depression(7.7±3.5), withdrawal (8.8±4.0) and physical problems(4.1±3.7) were higher than those with fewer than five risk factors(5.5±3.8), (6.7±3.4), (2.6±3.6). The cumulative family disadvantaged risk items was positively correlated with anxiety/depression( r=0.29, P<0.01), withdrawal( r=0.29, P<0.01), and physical symptoms ( r=0.26, P<0.01). The most important factor associated with anxiety/depression(VI=0.84, P=0.002; VI=0.56, P=0.022), withdrawal(VI=0.58, P=0.013; VI=0.89, P=0.001), and physical symptoms was marital relationship of parents and health status of family members. Conclusion:The parents’ marital relationship and health status of family members are the specific factors that influence the internalization problems, and the higher the level of risk adolescents experience, the more likely they are to develop internalization problems.

Objective To understand the distribution of ecological suitability of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi;To screen the main ecological factors affecting its distribution;To predict its suitable planting area in China.Methods A total of 231 batches of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were collected through the fourth national survey of TCM resources.The environment information of sampling points were recorded,and 55 ecological factors were analyzed by MaxEnt model and GIS.Results Rainfall,vegetation type and soil types had a greater influence on the distribution of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.The ecological suitable areas of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi mainly concentrated in the eastern part of Shaanxi Province,the western part of Hebei Province and most areas of Chengde,the most part of Shanxi Province,the western part of Beijing,the western part of Liaoning Province,the central and eastern part of Shandong Province,the junction of Jiangsu and Anhui Province,the northern part of Yunnan Province,and the eastern and southern part of Sichuan Province.Conclusion The ecological suitability areas of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were classified in this study,and the results could provide reference for the selection of cultivation areas of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of relative lesion length in differentiating extrahepatic bile duct infiltrating cholangiocarcinoma with inflammation.Methods:From October 2014 to February 2018, 24 cases of infiltrating extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas confirmed operatively and pathologically and 23 cases of extrahepatic bile duct inflammation confirmed clinically from the Third People′s Hospital of Datong City were respectively enrolled in this study. Upper abdomen MR and/or CT image data of all patients were respectively reviewed. The extrahepatic duct wall was defined as wall thickening with obvious enhancement. The length of the lesion was measured. L lesion/L duct was referred as the ratio of the lengths of lesion to extrahepatic bile duct (common hepatic duct+common bile duct)was calculated. The difference in the average values of L lesion/L ductbetween the cholangiocarcinomas group and inflammation group was analyzed with t test, and the differential diagnostic efficacy of L lesion/L ductratio was analyzed with receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) test. Results:Significant difference was found in the length of lesion between the extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma group [(22.01±1.86) mm] and the cholangitis group [(47.36±2.81) mm] ( P<0.01). The average ratio of L lesion/L ductwere 0.26±0.02 for the cholangiocarcinomas group and 0.54±0.03 for the inflammation group, respectively ( P<0.01). The area under the ROC curve of L lesion/L duct in diagnosis of the infiltrating extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas was 0.92. With <0.40 as cut-off point, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and 82.6%, respectively. Conclusion:The L lesion/L ductmight be taken as an important diagnostic sign in differentiation between infiltrating extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and extrahepatic bile duct inflammation.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of testa triticum tricum purif combined with polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder for bowel preparation before colonoscopy in patients with constipation. Methods A total of 190 patients with constipation who underwent colonoscopy were randomized into 2 groups. The study group(n=93)were given testa triticum tricum purif and polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder,whereas the control group(n=97)were given polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder only.The bowel cleanness,adenoma detection rate,and incidence of adverse events during bowel preparation were compared. Results The bowel preparation score(7.31±1.14 VS 6.06±1.22,P=0.000)and effective rate(95.70%VS 69.07%, P=0.000)in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The incidence of adverse events in the study group was lower than that in the control group(5.38% VS 17.53%, P=0.009). There was no significant difference in the adenoma detection rate between the two groups (36.56% VS 26.80%, P=0.148). Conclusion Testa triticum tricum purif combined with polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder is superior to conventional method of polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder alone for colonoscopy bowel preparation in patients with constipation.