This restrospective case included 40 patients(79eyes)who underwent implantable collamer lens or toric implantable collamer lens implacement. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuities, refractions, posterior chamber intraocular lens vault,intraocular pressure,endothelial cell loss,cylinder axis of the toric intraocular lens were evaluated for moderate to high myopia and astigmatism. 2 years or above after operation mean uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuities were 0.830±0.269 and 0.980±0.241 respectively. The mean spherical equiva-lent was ( -0.66±1.08) D postoperatively. 29 eyes had implanted toric intraocular lens, which 24 eyes were un-der 15 degrees of the intended axis, 1 eye was under 30 degrees of the intended axis and 4 eyes were above 30 de-grees of the intended axis. The mean intraocular pressure was(1.76±0.41)kPa. The endothelial cell density loss was 11.18%. The mean vaults at 6 months and 2 years or above were (0.510±0.141)mm and (0.442±0.117) mm respectively. A statistically significant difference was found ( P <0.05 ) . Two sets of data were in the normal range. Phakic posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation appears safe and effective,which provides long-term predictable,stable refractive results.

As a new interdisciplinary course, the current paper writing course for medical postgraduates exhibits certaln disadvantages. For example, the course does not well target the learners' needs because of the absence of the needs analysis before class;English or biomedical teachers fall to combine English with medicine, thus unable to provide ideal courses. As textbooks are an important means to improve the quality of the course, one way to reform the course is to compile high-quality textbooks by interdisciplinary talents. Meanwhile, the compiling process should be guided by needs analysis as well as the teaching and editing experiences. In addition, the textbooks need to be con-tinuously improved in teaching practice.

The language of English medical papers should be accurate, precise, clear and objective. Unfamiliar with these features and influenced by mother tongue, Chinese authors are prone to use unnecessary words, subjective expressions and long and confusing sentences, etc. To avoid those mistakes, they are suggested to practice a lot, keep a good reading habit and equip themselves with necessary searching skills, etc.

Objective To evaluate the penumbra of a new multileaf collimator equipped with Elekta Synergy accelerator. Methods The penumbra were derived from beam profiles measured in air and water using PinPoint ion chamber with PTW MP3 water phantom. Variations of penumbra with X-ray beam energy, depth in water, and leaf position were investigated. Results The penumbra in air for 6 MV X-ray was 2 mm less than that at depth of maximal dose in water. The penumbra of leaf side was 1 mm less than that of the leaf end. The penumbra had close relationship with beam energy, depth in water and leaf position. Penumbra was increased with beam quality and water depth. The leaf position had great influence on the penumbra. Conclusions The penumbra of the multileaf collimator is related to its original design and radiation delivery technique. Special considerations should be taken into during treatment planning.Regular measurement should be performed to guarantee the delivery quality.

AIM: To investigate timed changes of bone histomorphometry parameters in normal rats of different months and to provide a control prove for research of drugs of antiosteoporosis. METHODS: Thirty two female rats at aged 4.5 months were divided by their weight ( 256.3 ? 25.3 g). Tetracycline derivates and calcein were subcutaneous injected to each rat on two separate occasions where labeled the sites of bone formation. All rats were sacrificed at 0, 30, 75 and 140 days. The undecalcified longitudinal proximal tibial metaphyseal sections were cut and stained for quantitative bone histomorphometriy. RESULTS: The cancellous bone mass increased slowly and then decreased, but there were no significant differences between 4.5 and 10 months. Bone mass kept relatively stable. Both bone formation and bone resorption increased first and then decreased, but there was a significant difference between 4.5 and 10 months, and bone turnover kept stable. CONCLUSION: The body weight and the bone mass parameters keep relatively stable in SD rats during the 4.5 to 10 months, and these rats can be selected as the models for the study of the drugs of antiosteoporosis.

AIM To study the effects of doses of cyclophosphamide(CP) on bone histomorphometry in rats,and evaluted the rat model of osteoporosis after cyclophosphamide administration. METHOD CP at doses of 1 5, 4 5 and 13 5 mg?kg -1 were given to the rats orally everyday for 15 days respectively.in addition, soldium chloride used as control group. At the end of 15 days, the right distal femur were processed to undecalcified sections at 4um and 8 ?m for histomorphometric analysis. RESULT Trabecullar bone mass at doses of 4 5 and 13 5 mg?kg -1 CP reduced markedly, While dose of 1 5 mg?kg -1 CP has no influence on trabecullar bone mass.CONCLUSION Cyclophosphamide has stronger influences on bone tissue and structure in rats. It can be used to make the rat model of osteoporosis.

With the economic development and the deepening of reform in China,more attention has been paid on health.Based on literature from Chinese Journal of Health Statistics in 2008,the number and ranks of practicing doctors,occupancy of hospital beds,the disease spectrums,outpatient per year were analyzed.The results hold it is better for the doctors to practice in more medical institutions.

In this study ,we intended to prepare anti‐Toxoplasma gondii aquaporin (TgAQP) peptide antibody which was used to the application in the detection of the aquaporin expression and its subcellular localization of Toxop lasma gondii (T .gondii) ME49 strain .The B cell peptide antigen was designed based on the TgAQP amino acids sequence .After the pep‐tide antigen was conjugated to the KLH ,the fusion antigen was injected into New Zealand rabbits to prepare polyclonal anti‐body ,followed by identification of ELISA ,Western‐blotting and immunofluorescence assays .The ELISA showed that the titer of anti‐TgAQP antibody was about 1∶40 000 .Western blotting revealed the specific affinity of the antigen to polyclonal anti‐body at 29 .9 kDa protein T .gondii .The protein detected by the indirect immunofluorescence assays was distributed in the cy‐toplasm of the parasite .Thus far ,the anti‐TgAQP polyclonal antibody was successfully prepared ,providing a useful tool for further study of biological function and metabolic characteristics of TgAQP .

The course of medical English fundamental reading carefully chooses reading materials from original English medical textbooks as the course materials, aiming at imparting the skills for reading biomedical English literature, and meeting the reading needs of medical undergraduates. In conducting this course, formative assessment is adopted, the frame of which is the theoretical model developed by Professor Wen Qiufang. There are three key phases in this model: setting up goals, eliciting learning evidence, and providing feedback. Three ways are employed to assess the course (symposium records, reflective journals and quizzes), which confirms that this model of formative assessment has improved the effectiveness of the course.