The active form of vitamin D,1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 \,is a secosteroid hormone that binds to the vitamin D receptor(VDR),a member of the superfamily of nuclear receptors for steroid hormones,thyroid hormone,and retinoic acid.1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogue regulate calcium and bone metabolism,control cell proliferation and differentiation,and exert immunoregulatory activities.Recent advances in understanding their functions and novel insights into the immunomodulatory mechanisms they control suggest a wider applicability in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and induction of allograft tolerance.In addition to direct effects on T cell activation,1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogue modulate with different mechanisms the phenotype and function of antigen-presenting cells(APC),and,in particular,of dendritic cells(DC).In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogue induce DC to acquire tolerogenic properties that favor the induction of regulatory rather than effector T cells.These intriguing actions of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its nanlogue have been demonstrated in several experimental models and could be exploited,in principle,to treat a variety of human autoimmune diseases,or inhibit allograft rejection.

Objectives　To study of the method for isolation and transplantation of mouse islets. Methods　The method for isolation of mouse islets described by Gotoh G was modified. The solution of digestion was injected not through the common bile duct but through gallbladder. Soybean trypsin inhibitor and BSA were added into the digestive and Ficoll separation solutions. Results　The yield of islets was increased from 41.7±13.2 to 266.5±32.1(P<0.01). Islet viability was more than 95!%. Among the purified islets, there was no exocrine tissue but few ductal fragments. Conclusions　By the improved method, digestive solution could be injected into pancreas without inverted microscope, which made manipulation easier and more successful. Having avoided the digestive effect of trypsin on islets, the yield of islets was increased and good repetitiousness was obtained.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3,the activated form of vitamin D, is a secosteroid hormone.In addition to its central function in calcium and bone metabolism,1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has important effects on the growth and differentiation of immune system.1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 interacts with its specific receptor,the vitamin D3 receptor(VDR).APCs and T cells can be direct targets of the hormone,leading to the inhibition of pathogenic effector T cells and enhancing the frequency of T cells with regulatory properties, largely via induction of tolerogenic DCs.1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs have been shown to inhibit autoimmune diseases and graft rejection in several experimental models.It is a complicated and fertile area of investigation. By the investigation may important new therapies emerge for autoimmune disease and graft rejection.

At present, the immunological tolerance in transplantation induced by multi-mechanisms, to inhibit the chronic graft rejection, represents an important trend in the field of transplantation. This review summarizes the new researches about immune and non-immune factors in this field. At the same time, this review also discusses that the high-dose vitamin E, through changing the ratio of Th/Ts in vivo and not improving the level of specific-antibody, regulates the immune system. In addition, the potent antioxidation of vitamin E has advantage to release the oxidate press of tissue and the damage of blood vessels. In the end, the reporter prospects the signification of vitamin E to inhibit the chronic graft rejection and points out the potential questions.

Objective To evaluate the curative effects and side effects of burcea javanica oil emulsion(BJOE) in the treatment of pleural effusion of lung cancer by thoracic injection.Methods 40 cases with pleural effusion of lung cancer were treated by using BJOE.A dose of 50～100ml BJOE was injected intrapleurally,once every 5～7 days,4 time for a course of treatment,then the effects and side effects were observed after one month.Results The effective rate was 90%(36/40).The side effects were fever(n=4) and digestive sickness(n=2) as well thoracalgia(n=1).Conclusion Brucea javanica oil emulsion has good curative effect and low side effect in the treatment of pleural effusion of lung cancer.

Objective To study the immunomodulative effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D_3 1,25-(OH)_2D_3 on the predominant Th1 response rats. Methods Lewis rats had been fed with 1,25-(OH)_2D_3 (1000ng per rat) for 14 days. The rats in control group were administered vehicle with the same volume as the drug to serve as the experimental group, and then LPS (10ng/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in both groups on the 15th day. 15 rats of each group were sacrificed 6h later and immunological index was measured. Mortality of the remaining ten rats in both group have been observed. Results There was no death in experimental group, while five control rats died at 24h (5/10, 50%), and all the other five control rats survived at 96h. IL-12 and IFN-? were decreased significantly in the experiment group compared with control (3986?328pg/ml vs 4160?289pg/ml, P=0.028; 4840?802pg/ml vs 5264?524pg/ml, P=0.020), while IL-4 was increased (5.57?1.75pg/ml vs 3.72?1.62pg/ml, P=0.036). In white pulp of the spleen of experimental rat the number of lymphocytes decreased significantly as shown with HE-staining, and the PCNA positive cells were distributed focally or dispersively. In addition, by using flow cytometer, it was found that CD4~+ CD25~+ positive lymphocytes were increased significantly in the spleen of experimental rats (1.09%?0.29% vs 0.73%?0.00%, P

Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G6Pase) was regarded as a marker enzyme of the endoplasmic reticulum in a number of different cells. The purpose of this report is to study the localization of G6Pase activity in the rat left ventricular myocardial cells. G6Pase activity was found in the lumen of the nuclear envelope, the sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR) and the subsarcolemmal cisterns. The SR tubules between the adjacent myofibrils displayed characteristic distribution on their longitudinal profiles, as a curtain-like network, the tubules appeared to be tight network facing A-band, whereas tubules formed large polygonal meshes facing I-band. It is thought that the SR tubules facing A- and I-bands, respectively, represented an adaptation of SR to the selective shortening of the myofibrils at the I-band during contraction.

Left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy was produced in the rats by ligation of the abdominal aorta below the diaphragm for seven weeks.Ultrastructurally, it was observed that the nucleus and nucleolus were enlarged, and the density of the chromatin of the hypertrophied myocardial cells was decreased. Free ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum were increased. Golgi apparatus was well developed and was increased in number.Cytochemically, G6Pase activity was localized in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope and subsarcolemmal cisterns, and it was also positive in the regenerative rough endoplasmic reticulum. TPPase activity appeared in the Golgi apparatus, and it was especially prominent in the Golgi apparatus of the hypertrophied cells.These findings suggest that the protein synthetic activity was increased in the hypertrophied myocardial cells.

Inflammatory mediators releasing during acute and chronic diseases can activate multiple intracellular signals inducing cascades of the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signalling transduction pathway. MAPK plays a significant role in the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflammation sites. Stimulation of leukocytes by pro-inflammatory cytokines is known to activate the MAPK isoform p38. However, the consequences of p38MAPK activation during leukocyte recruitment, adhesion, migration, functions of effector(oxidative burst), and the network of cytokines mediated by p38MAPK are all investigated for further elucidation. Specific p38 inhibitors in reducing the production of inflammatory mediators and providing more effective treatment are now being developed.

Objective To study the clinical features of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of prostate. Methods 2 cases of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the prostate were studied and reviewed. Results The age of the 2 patients was 64 and 73.The clinical symptoms were dysuria,vesical irritability and perineum discomfort. Histologically, signet ring cell carcinoma was composed of round cells with abundant-clear cytoplasm and crescent-shaped nuclei on one side.Mitosis were frequently observed.Immunohistochemical testing showed the cancer cell was positive for prostate specific antigen (PSA),prostate acid phosphatase (PAP),AR,cytokeratin and negative for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),alcian blue/periodic acid-schiff (AB/PAS).One case (stage D)died 6 months after bilateral orchiectomy and flutamide therapy because of wide-spead metastasis;the other (stage B 2) has been surviving 25 months after radical prostatectomy,bilateral orchiectomy,endocrine therapy and local irradiation ministration. Conclusions Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the prostate is extremely rare with a high grade of malignancy. The diagnosis depends on histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies.