BACKGROUND:The form and structure of antigen-extracted xenogeneic cancel ous bone through series of physical and chemical treatment are similar to human tissue. OBJECTIVE:To detect the biocompatibility of antigen-extracted xenogeneic cancel ous bone matrix prepared by three different ways. METHODS:The antigen-extracted xenogeneic cancel ous bone scaffold materials which were prepared through physical, chemical and physical-chemical combined methods and hydroxy apatite biological ceramic materials were implanted into the dorsum subcutaneous tissue. Histological observation was done at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. The antigen-extracted xenogeneic cancel ous bone scaffold materials which were prepared through physical, chemical and physical-chemical combined methods respectively was used to culture sheep bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for 7 days. Cel adhesion, growth, proliferation and stroma secretion were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 4 weeks after surgery, a strong inflammatory reaction was detected around materials in four groups. At 12 weeks, the xenogeneic bone materials prepared through physical and physical-chemical combined methods and hydroxy apatite biological ceramic materials internal pore and surrounding tissue inflammation disappeared basical y, with the presence of thimbleful inflammation cells. The material degradation was more than at 8 weeks. The xenogeneic bone materials prepared through chemical methods material internal pore and surrounding tissue inflammation stil existed, suggesting that the xenogeneic bone materials prepared through physical and physical-chemical combined methods exhibited good histocompatibility. A smal amount of orderly osteoblasts existed around hydroxy apatite biological ceramic materials and physical-chemical prepared materials, with a smal amount of bone. These suggested that there was a tendency for ectopic bone formation. The xenogeneic cancel ous bone materials prepared through physical or physical-chemical combined methods have better cytocompatibility. However, scaffold materials prepared through chemical method have poor cytocompatibility and they are not qualified for the safety standards of biological materials.

Survivin is the most recent member of the IAP family, which shows a higher expression in almost all tumor cells, but not detected in most normal cells. Our attention is drawn by survivin due to its selective expression, which was taken as one molecule sign of tumor cells. Accordingly, survivin is examined in most leukemia cell line and leukemia specimen, whose expression also showed the association with leukemia. As in other tumor cells, survivin also plays an important role in the leukemogenesis. Meanwhile the detection of survivin can provide an useful prognosis information. This article is a brief overview of the development of survivin and its relationship with leukemia.

To explore and discuss the application of case teaching method for pharmaceutical administration science according to the actual teaching situation and the teaching experience of the authors. The teaching effects can be improved by the method, which is worthy of promotion and popularization.

Objective Role of melanocortin receptor 4 (MCAR) in excitatory amino acid release from rat astrocytes in spinal cord. Methods Astrocytes were isolated from the spinal cord of newborn pathogen-free Wistar rats ( 1-3 days after birth) and cultured in serum-free Neurobasal/B27 liquid culture medium. After 4 passages the primary cultured astrocytes were randomly divided into 3 groups (6 wells each): group Ⅰ control (group C); group Ⅱ the astrocytes were exposed to TNF-α 10 μg/L (group T) and group Ⅲ the astrocytes were exposed to TNF-α 10 μg/L and HS014 (selective MC4R antagonist) 1 μmol/L (group TH). The astrocytes were incubated at 37 ℃ for 3 h. The supernatant was collected for determination of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp)concentrations by HPLC-MS/MS. Results TNF-α significantly increased Glu and Asp release from astrocytes in group T as compared with group C. The Glu and Asp concentrations were significantly lower in group TH than in group T. Conclusion MG4R is involved in the excitatory amino acid release from astrocytes in the spinal cord.

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to investigate the expression levels of serum and urinary vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) in proliferating infantile hemangioma patients under propranolol treatment.

METHODSPropranolol (0.5-2 mg x kg(-1)) was orally administered to 30 infants every day for 4-8 months. The Achauer method was used to measure the tumor radius and thus evaluate the clinical curative effects of the treatment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the serum and urinary concentrations of VEGF-A and EGFL7 at 0, 4, and 12 weeks after the treatment.

RESULTSThe treatment response was excellent in 2 patients, good in 11, moderate in 14, and poor in 3. Serum VEGF-A (335.692 pg x mL(-1) ± 136.146 pg x mL(-1)) was high before the treatment and then significantly decreased after 4 weeks (264.853 pg x mL(-1) ± 122.120 pg x mL(-1)) and 12 weeks (211.345 pg x mL(-1) ± 104.035 pg x mL(-1)) of treatment (P < 0.05). Urinary VEGF-A (76.234 pg x mL(-1) ± 24.169 pg x mL(-1)) was high before the treatment and then significantly decreased after four weeks (56.454 pg x mL(-1) ± l6.111 pg x mL(-1)) and twelve weeks (34.728 pg x mL(-1)) ± 12.656 pg x mL(-1)) of treatment (P < 0.05). Serum and urinary EGFL7 also decreased after the treatment, showing a positive relationship with VEGF-A.

CONCLUSIONPropranolol can be safely and effectively used to treat proliferating infantile hemangiomas. This treatment can reduce the peripheral serum and urinary concentrations of VEGF-A and EGFL7 in affected children.

BACKGROUND: Documents recorded that the correlation between micro emulsion Ciclosporin peak concentration (C_2) and area under curve was best with maximum individual difference. According to C_2, dose of Ciclosporin can be adjusted indMdually to decrease acute rejection and Ciclosporin toxicity, which has widely used in perioperative stage of renal transplanted recipients. However, some transplantation center still used tough concentration (C_0) to adjust the dose of Ciclosporin in stable stage of renal transplanted recipients. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy and safety of changing from monitoring C_0 to C_2 in stable stage recipients following renal transplantation. METHODS: Totally 65 patients with renal transplantation were enrolled in this study, including 31 males and 34 females, aged 20-57 (39.4±15.3) years. Within 3 months prior to this study, all patients did not suffered from rejection, and their serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were stable (creatinine ≤180 μmol/L). They were in stable stage after renal transplantation. Their period of transplantation and function of allograft were recorded. Their C_0 and C_2 of Ciclosporin were assayed. According to the target C_2 value 500-600 μg/L, the patients were prospectively and randomly divided into 3 groups. In the high C_2 group (n=17), the dose of Ciclosporin was decreased. In the target C_2 group (n=23), the dose of Ciclosporin was remained. In the low C_2 group (n=25), the dose of Ciclosporin was increased. All of the patients were followed-up for 12 months. The grafts function and the complications of heart, lung and brain were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to the target concentration of Ciclosporin C_2, the dose of Ciclosporin in the high C_2 group was decreased by 575.0 mg. The Creatinine and urea nitrogen of 88% patients were stable, while blood pressure, blood fat and blood uric acid decreased in parts of patients. In the target C_2 group, the levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen, Co and C_2 of patients were stable, no complications of heart, lung and brain occurred. According to the target concentration of Ciclosporin C_2, the dose of Ciclosporin in low C_2 group was increased by 755.0 mg. The creatinine and urea nitrogen of 84% patients were stable. All of the patients were no complications of heart, lung and brain. It is safe and effective to adjust Ciclospori dose under C_2 monitoring according to the target peak concentration (500-600 μg/L) in most stable stage recipients following renal transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: Panel reactive antibody (PRA) can induce acute rejection following kidney transplantation, however, it is poorly understood which PRA is more associated with rejection. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between PRA and rejection by observing the change of PRA Ⅰ and PRA Ⅱ prior to and after the kidney transplantation. METHODS: Levels of PRA Ⅰ and PRA Ⅱ were observed in 100 patients received kidney transplantation at the Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University. During these 100 patients, 18 patients had PRA changes after operation. The relationship between PRA changes after kidney transplantation and acute rejection were analyzed. RESULTS: Totally 18 patients were included in the final analysis. Nine of them occurred acute rejection with obviously increased PRA Ⅱ (P=0.040), however, the PRA Ⅰ had no significant changes (P=0.707). The changes of PRA Ⅰ and PRA Ⅱ had no significance in the remaining 9 patients prior to and after kidney transplantation. The overall level of PRA increased in 7 patients, in 5 patients with increased PRA Ⅱ, 4 patients suffered acute rejection, 1 of which was renal allogreft failure; 2 cases with PRA Ⅰ increasing did not occur acute rejection. The overall level of PRA declined in 11 patients, including 5 patients with PRA Ⅱ decreased, 1 patient occurred acute rejection; 4 patients in 6 patients with PRA Ⅰ declined suffered acute rejection. CONCLUSIONS: The increased PRA Ⅱ after transplantation easily result in acute rejection, which has definite correlation to acute rejection, however, the PRA Ⅰ changes has no impact on acute rejection.

Objective To investigate the effects of cyclosporine on cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis of bladder cancer in rats induced with BBN.Methods Ten samples of SD rats bladder cancer induced with BBN and cyclosporine simultaneously and 10 samples of SD rats bladder cancer induced with BBN only as control were used to observe the effects of cyclosporine on cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis of bladder cancer in rats.Immunohistochemistry stain with PCNA, TUNEL and immunohistochemistry stain with CD31 were used to analyze cell proliferation,apoptosis and angiogenesis of bladder cancer in rats respectively. Results The differences of proliferation index (35.3±8.6)% and (28. 7±8.0)% respectively (P＜0.05), apoptotic index (2. 5±0.8)% and (4.3±1.3)% respectively (P＜0.05) and microvessel density 32.5±8.2 and 26.3±8.1 respectively (P＜0.05) between experimental group and control group were all significant.Conclusions Cyclosporine may stimulate the growth and development of bladder cancer through mechanisms of cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis.

ObjectiveTo investigate DNA loads and risk factors of BK virus infection in renal transplant recipients.MethodsWe developed a real-time PCR assay to quantitate BK virus loads in 80 patients receiving renal transplantation in our center,and correlation between the BK virus load and clinical course was analyzed.BK virus loads were measured in urine and plasma. Epidemiological features and risk factors of BK virus infection were analyzed.ResultsThe positive rate of BKV viruria and viremia in 80 renal recipients was 37.5％ (30/80) and 8.75％ (7/80),respectively.BKV loads were higher in renal allograft recipients whose age was more than 50 years old.BKV loads were observed in urine and plasma (compared with group whose age was less than 50 years,P=0.017 and 0.05,respectively).BKV DNA copies were higher in group Tac than that in group CSA (P＜0.05),and the peak of BKV load in serum appeared at14th and10th month after transplantation,respectively,but the peak in urine was ahead of that in serum,appeared at 2nd and 8th month,respectively.ConclusionSerial measurement of BKV viral loads by quantitative PCR is a useful tool in monitoring the course of BK virus infection.The ages of recipients (＞50 years) and using Tac + MPA can reactivate BK virus and then result in BKVAN in renal transplant recipients. Intensive BKV monitoring is necessary for these recipients.

Objective To investigate the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1) and matrix metalloproteinase 3(MMP3)′s genetic expressions and their clinical significance on urothelial carcinoma after renal transplantation. Methods Fifty-one patients with urothelial carcinoma were recruited in this study. Sixteen of them who had renal transplant were in the experimental group and 35 of them without renal transplant were in the control group. All the cases had been proved postoperatively having transitional cell carcinoma by histopathological study. The human genome oligo arrays were used to analyze the gene expression spectrum of urothelial carcinoma after transplantation, aiming the STAT1 and MMP3's expression. Real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining were used to compare the differences in the 2 groups. Results The experimental group showed that there were 35 genes up-regulated compared with the control group. Of them, 23had known gene function or partly known, and 12 had unknown gene function. There were 76 genes down-regulated. Of them, 46 had known gene function or partly known, and 30 had unknown gene function. After pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes, there were 23 groups of pathways which had significant differences (P＜0.05), referring to the aspects of immunosuppressive and tumor growth. The levels of STAT1 and MMP3 expressions had significant differences between the 2groups(P＜0.05)as well. Conclusions The differential expression of urothelial tumor genes is obvious between patient who has had renal transplant and who has not. There are many aspects that are related to the tumor's growth like signaling pathways regulating proliferation, apoptosis of tumor cells, tumor angiogenesis and the tumor metastasis potential. STAT1 and MMP3 maybe become the targets of chemoprevention for post-transplantation urothelial carcinoma.