Objective:To investigate the mechanism of intravitreous injection with conventional dosage of domestic triamcinolone acetonide(TA)for retinal edema in rabbits. Methods:The model of retinal edema was established with argon laser photocoagulation to retinal vein in fourty-eight healthy purebred New Zealand white rabbits. The right eye of A group wasn't injected anything as the control group, and the right eye of B group was injected with TA suspension 4mg(0.1ml)as the TA group. Six animals were killed randomly 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1 month after the injected. The changes of the retinal edema were observed by light microscopy. The expression of VEGF mRNA and IL-6 were observed respectively by hybridization in situ and immunohistochemical method. Results:The model of retinal edema was established in all the eyes. The pathologic changes in TA group were better than that in control group. The expressions of VEGF mRNA and IL-6 in control group were higher than in TA group (P

Objective:To investigate the toxicity effect of intravitreous injection with conventional dosage of domestic triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on rabbits retina. Methods:Forty-eight healthy purebred New Zealand white rabbits nnderwent intravitreous injection. The right eye of the 24 animals was injected wilh sterile saline solution 0.1ml as the control A group; and the left eye was injected with TA suspension 4mg (0.1ml) as the B experimental group;The right eye of the other 24 animals was injected with TA 0.1ml wilhout excipient as the C experimenlal group,the exeipient removed was supplemented with terile saline solution;and the left eye was injected with exeipient 0.1ml separated from TA suspension as the D experimental group. Flash electroretinography (FERG) was performed on each animal before intravitreous injection,3 days,2 weeks,and 1 months after the injected. After the examination the animal was killed and the eyeballs were extirpated at the three points of time after the injected. The ultrastructural changes of the retina were observed by light and electron microscopy. Results:No significant difference was found in the latent period of b-wave of FERG before and after the injected,but the amplitudes of b-wave of FERG was lower in all the groups than that before the treatment in a short time after the injected (P

Tumor-specific promoters can induce high-efficiency and specific expression of exogenous genes in tumor cells. At present, commonly used promoters include alpha-fetoprotein promoter, carcinoembryonic antigen promoter,prostate specific antigen promoter,human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter and multidrug resistance gene promoter and etc. Dual promoters, enhancer, regulatory element and other physical or chem-ical factors could be used to reconstruct or modify promoters to increase the expression and location of exogenous genes in tumor cells. Tumor-specific promoters play an important role in cancer gene targeted therapy by cou-pling with suicide gene, anti- oncogene, antiseuse nucleic acid, apoptosis gene and RNA interference.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of multifocal visual evoked potential (mf-VEP) in healthy individuals, and provide normal reference values for its clinical application. Methods The mf-VEP of 37 healthy individuals (70 eyes) were examined by VERIS Science TM 4.0. The visual stimulus was a dart board with patterns consisted of 60 patches spanning a 25? visual field. The length of m-sequence was 2 14-1. The results were recorded by bipolar occipital straddle. The signal was amplified 100 K and was put through a band-pass filter between 3 and 100 Hz. The first slice of the second order kernel was analyzed by VERIS software. The summed responses of fields with different stimulus were analyzed and compared according to different ages, genders and eyes. Results The latencies and response densities of amplitude had statistically significant differences both in dimidiate and quartered field(P 0.05). Conclusions The mf-VEP of healthy individuals can reflect the VEP at different field locations objectively with its specific physiological characteristics, which may provide normal reference values for its clinical application.

Objective To investigate the bacterial pathogenesis in chronic prostatitis. Methods The prostatic fluid of 132 patients was studied with "five glass"segmented lower urinary tract localization culture test and measurement of IgA and IgG levels.Some bacteria positive cases were treated with levofloxacin. Results 74 patients were bacteria positive in their prostates,32 had Staphylococcus aureus,17 with Staphylococcus epidermidis,10 cases had Escherichia coli and 15 with other bacteria IgG and IgA levels were significantly higher ( P =0.031 and P =0.036) in bacteria positive prostatic fluid than in bacteria negatives ones. Conclusions The positive rate of bacteria culture in the prosatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis was high (56.1%) and Gram positive bacterias were more common.These pathogens may come from the partners reproductive tract.The levels of IgA and IgG in prostatic fluid were correlated to the results of bacteria culture.

ObjectiveTo analyze the symmetry of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) between both eyes in normal subjects. Methods The monocular mfVEP of both eyes in thirty-six normal subjects (72 eyes) was tested with VERIS Science 4.0. The stimulus was the pattern reversal dart array consisted of 60 sectors each included 16 black-white reverse patterns. The visual stimulation was controlled by the binary pseudo-random m-sequences and subtended approximately 25 degrees. Results There existed no statistically significant difference of P1 latencies and amplitudes between correspondent quadrant visual field of both eyes. The data difference of the ipsilateral quadrant visual fields was greater than those of the correspondent quadrant visual field. The comparison among four quadrant visual fields in right eye or left eye each showed that there was statistically significant difference of P1 latencies between the superionasal quadrant visual field and inferiotemporal or inferionasal quadrant visual fields. Conclusions The symmetry of normal mfVEP is more dominant in retina than that in visual cortex.

Objective:To study the effect of simvastatin on PTHrP stimulated osteoclastic resorption of murine calvarium and bone anabolism in vitro. Methods:Osteoclasts were isolated from bone marrow of Balb/C mice,cultured and identified.Calvaria of the new born Balb/C mice were cultured with PTHrP at 45 ng/ml and/or simvastatin at 10~ -7 -10~ -5 mol/L for 8 d.Ca~ 2+ and ALP in the culture supernatent were measured by atom spectrophotometer and automatic biochemical analyzer respectively.The bones were examined histologically.Results:Simvastatin at 10~ -7 -10~ -5 mol/L inhibited osteoclast formation and the osteoclastic bone resorption stimulated by PTHrP in vitro and reduced the release of Ca~ 2+ from the cultured osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner. Simvastatin increased the ALP activities and bone mineralization of murines calvaria cultured in vitro. Conclusions:Simvastatin may inhibit the osteoclasric resorption stimulated by PTHrP and promote bone mineralization in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is a glycoprotein. Recent studies have demonstrated that rhEPO regulates many functional activities of neural cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of rhEPO on proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) cultured in vitro. METHODS: Newborn Sprague-Dawley rat NSCs were harvested and cultured with serum-free culture medium containing different concentrations (5, 50, 500 U/mL) of rhEPO and 20 μg/L basic fibroblast growth factors (5, 50, and 500 U/mL rhEPO groups) and serum-free culture medium only containing 20 μg/L basic fibroblast growth factors (control group). After 7 days of culture, the cloning efficiency of NSCs was calculated. After 10 days of culture, neuron specific enolase (NSE)-and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive cells were quantified. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the rhEPO groups, cells proliferated rapidly, and the number of NSC microspheres was greater, in particular in the 50 U/mL rhEPO group, compared with the control group. NSCs grew faster in the 50 U/mL rhEPO group than in the control group. The number of NSE-and GFAP-immunoreactive cells was greater in the 50 U/mL rhEPO group than in the control group (P<0.01). These findings suggest that rhEPO promotes the in vitro culture and proliferation of NSCs, in particular 50 U/mL rhEPO.

Objective To observe the initial therapy outcomes of Valproic acid for childhood absence epilepsy (CAE),and to assess its therapeutic reaction and short-term prognosis,and to investigate the risk factors for initial therapy failure.Methods From January 2010 to December 2015,absence seizures as key words were used to search CAE in the video-electroencephalogram(VEEG) database of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University.Sixty-seven children fulfilled the CAE diagnosis criteria of International League Against Epilepsy in 1989.These patients were separated into 2 groups based on the therapy outcome after 6 months,including seizure control failure group and seizure control group.The patients' clinical characteristics and VEEG characteristics were reviewed.The gender,age of seizure onset,a family history of epilepsy or febrile seizures (FS),consistent with 2005 Panayiotopoulos diagnostic criteria,and VEEG findings were analyzed to evaluate the predictive ability of independent variables and the relationship between these features and treatment outcomes by using a stepwise multivariate Logistic regression model.Results The age at seizure onset was (5.89 ± 2.91) years old,and follow up duration was 6 months.Approximately 23 cases (34.3％) of CAE patients had poor response.No statistical correlation was made for gender,age at onset,the occurrence of generalized tonic clonic seizures,and family history of FS or epilepsy between 2 groups (all P ＞0.05).Compared with seizure control group,patients of the seizure control failure group had significantly higher rates of focal epileptic discharge (87.0％ vs.6.8％),higher rates of intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) induced seizures (52.2％ vs.6.8 ％),fewer rates of occipital intermittent delta activity (8.7 ％ vs.77.3 ％),and fewer rates of patients met the new diagnostic criteria proposed by Panayiotopoulos in 2005 (8.7％ vs.88.6％) (all P ＜ 0.001).The presence of occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activity during wake stage and the interictal focal epileptiform discharges on VEEG during sleep stage were significantly associated with the therapy outcomes in a multivariable Logistic regression analysis (OR =133.714,P ＜ 0.05;OR =0.068,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The presence of focal epileptiform discharges,and a typical absence induced by IPS are important factors for first-drug treatment failures with CAE,and conversely the occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activities have a good efficacy.There is no statistical correlation between clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes.

Objective To explore mechanisms of sustained and transient effects in encoding processes of emotional memory by examining activation of amygdala via functional MRI and to provide evidence for understanding the underlying neural mechanism related to emotional memory disorders further. Methods Twenty two subjects (aged from 20 to 24 years old) participated in the study and mixed blocked/event-related design was adopted. Sixty negatively emotional pictures and sixty neutral scene pictures were used. Functional MRI scanning was performed while subjects were doing encoding tasks. Behavioral data were acquired during retrieval. Correlation analyses of functional MRI data and simples paired t -test of behavioral performance were performed with SPM2 and SPSS13.0 statistical software,respectively. Results Significant differences of behavioral performance ( t= 2.791,P= 0.01 ) was found between emotional (3.15 ± 0.14) and neutral (2.25 ± 0.08 ) pictures. A whole-brain voxelwise correlation analysis between functional MRI and emotional enhancement effect indicated that the transient effect of emotional enhancement of memory involved the left amygdala, left hippocampus and left lateral orbitofrontal cortex, while the sustained effect involved the right amygdala, right hippocampus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Region of interest analysis demonstrated that the sustained effect was related to the right amygdala (r= 0.50, P = 0.019 ), which was different from transient effect ( Z = 1.655, P = 0.049 ),while the transient effect was correlated with the left amygdala (r=0.65, P=0.001 ) ,which was different from sustained effect( Z= 2.512, P=0.006). Conclusion Different neural mechanisms are involved in sustained and transient effects of emotional memory encoding. The right amygdala is responsible for sustained effect and the left amygdala is responsible for transient effect ,respectively. The results confirm and extend the model of the left-transient/right-sustained effect.