AIM: To build an allergic rhinitis model to evaluate the effect of budesonide on the eosinophils and histamine in nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis guinea pig.METHODS: 33 guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups: natural controlled group,allergic rhinitis(AR) group and budesonide treatment group.Allergic rhinitis model in guinea pigs were built by using toluene-2,4-disocyanate(TDI) nasal immunization and challenge.The indexes of clinical symptoms,pathomorphological diagnosis and content of histamine in mucosa were used to evaluate the potency of budesonide when used to treat allergic rhinitis.RESULTS: The expression of eosinophils and the content of histamine in nasal mucosa in AR group both were significantly higher than that of in natural controlled group(respectively,P(0.05)).CONCLUSION: Budesonide could effectively reduce the expression of eosinophils and content of histamine in nasal mucosa,but it is invalid in releasing the symptoms of AR in guinea pig.The reason of this phenomenon may be concerned with the method of model building.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects and safety of spiral stone basket assisted with FURL in the treatment of unilateral upper ureteral stones for diameter>1.0 cm. Methods 140 patients with unilateral upper ureteral stones for diameter>1.0 cm from January 2012 to December 2015 were randomly divided into control group (70 patients) with FURL used alone and observation group (70 patients) with spiral stone basket assisted application on the basis of control group;the perioperative clinical indicators, the lithotripsy success rate, the stone clearance rate, the stone removal rate and the postoperative complication incidence of both groups were compared. Results The operation time of observation group was signiifcantly longer than control group (P<0.05). There was no signiifcant difference in the blood loss volume in operation and hospitalization time between 2 groups (P>0.05). The lithotripsy success rate and the stone clearance rate of observation group was signiifcantly higher than control group (P<0.05). The stone removal rate of observation group was signiifcantly lower than control group (P<0.05). The postoperative complication incidence of observation group was no difference between 2 groups (P> 0.05). The total treatment expenses of observation group was signiifcantly fewer than control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Spiral stone basket assisted with FURL in the treatment of unilateral upper ureteral stones for diameter>1.0 cm can efifciently higher the stone removal effects, reduce the stone removal risk and not increase the postoperative complications incidence.

Objective To study the prevalence of tick bites and relative factors of outpatients with fever from health care fa?cilities in Tengchong County. Methods From July to August,2014,the outpatients with fever in five health care facilities namely Tengchong Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Hehua Health Center,Jietou Health Center,Qushi Health Cen?ter and Xinhua Health Center were investigated by questionnaires. The factors related to tick bites were explored with the univari?ate analysis and multiple regression models. Results Totally 884 effect questionnaires were acquired. Among the 884 partici?pants,85(9.6%)had experienced tick bites. The frequency of tick bites was associated with locations,gender,age group,own?ership of cattle,working at foreign country,firewood cutting and lumbering in the forest(all P<0.05). The multiple regression revealed that the male and people raising cattle,working at foreign country,engaging in firewood cutting and lumbering in the forest had a more risk for tick bites. Conclusions Tick bites are common in the residents of Tengchong County. The risk of be?ing bitten varies in different populations. The local health departments should promote health education in the high?risk popula?tion to reduce the risk of infecting tick?borne diseases.

OBJECTIVE To analyze for mutations of the PDS gene in patients with sensorineural hearing loss associated with enlarged vestibular aqueduct and analyze the molecular pathogenesis of enlarged vestibular aqueducts. METHODS Eighteen sporadic cases of large vestibular aqueduct syndrome and twelve control individuals with normal hearing were included in this study. Exons 6 and 9 of the PDS gene in all subjects were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS Analysis revealed 2 single base changes in exon 6 of one patient with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome. One was a G→C transversion at nucleotide position 611, and the other was a T→G transversion at nucleotide position 612, resulting in a predicted Gly→Ala substitution at position 204. No mutation in exons 6 and 9 of the PDS gene was found in the PDS gene of the control individuals. CONCLUSION Mutations of the PDS gene are responsible for the large vestibular aqueduct syndrome. Analysis of the PDS leftover sequence in patients with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome is the next step in elucidating the complicated causes of this disease.

Objective:To study the expression and significance of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in nasal polyps.Method:Expression of TGF-β1 in nasal polyps from 34 patients and middle turbinates from 30 patients with deviation of nasal septum were prospectively studied with immunohistochemistry.Each tissue section was observed under optical microscope.Result:①The TGF-β1 positivity in extracellular matrix and in cells in the stroma was significantly higher in nasal polyps than in middle turbinates (P＜0.01).②The distribution and shape of TGF-β1 expressing cells in nasal polyps was similar to that of eosinophil,their positivities were significantly correlative (P＜0.05).③The positivity of TGF-β1 did not correlate with clinical type of nasal polyps (P＞0.05),eosinophil infiltration correlated significantly with clinical type of nasal polyps(P＜0.05).Conclusion:①The TGF-β1 may contribute to some of the pathologic changes observed in nasal polyps,such as thickening of the epithelial basement membrane and stromal fibrosis.②Eosinophils in nasal polyps represent a major source of TGF-β1.③Eosinophils infiltration may play a prominent role in the development and recurrence of nasal polyps.

Objective To compare the efficacy of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis (HD) on polycystic kidney disease (PKD) patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods Retrospective analysis was made on 29 patients with PKD who carded out dialysis therapy for over 3 months in our department from January 2001 to December 2007. They were divided into the CAPD group (10 cases, 34.5%) and HD group (19 cases, 65.5%). Ten cases of non-PKD CAPD patients were randomly selected as the control, who matched the CAPD group in terms of age and gender. The patient information was recorded, such as general data, initial dialysis data, comphcations, survival time, quit of dialysis or death, etc. Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were adopted to analyze the survival rate. Results The survival rates of 1-, 3- and 5-year for the CAPD group were 90%, 75% and 25% respectively, while for the HD group were 94.4%, 67.6%, and 48.3%, and for the control were 83.3%, 44.4% and 22.2% respectively, with no significant differences among 3 groups (P>0.05). group and the control were quite similar. The incidence of peritonitis for the CAPD group (0.62 times/patient year) was similar to that for the control (0.30 times/patient year)(P>0.05). The duration of the lust peritonitis[(23.5±4.0) months vs (20.0±15.8) months] and the catheter exit-site infection (0 time vs 1 time) for two groups were similar as well (P>0.05). One patient had hernia in CAPD group and no patient in control group had hernia. The incidence of peritoneal dialysate leakage was similar between these two groups. In the HD group, two patients (10.5%) had cerebral hemorrhage resulting in death, and 10 patients (52.6%) had cystic hemorrhage, 5 out of whom underwent operation due to repeated cystic hemorrhage and 2 cases received unilateral nephrectomy because of severe hemorrhage. No patient in CAPD group had cerebral hemorrhage but 1 patient (10%) had cystic hemorrhage and recovered after conservative treatment. The hemorrhage complication incidence of CAPD group was significantly lower than that of HD group (P<0.05). Conclusions The prognosis and complication incidence in PKD and non-PKD patients treated with CAPD are similar. The prognosis of PKD patients treated with CAPD or HD is also similar, and the risk of hemorrhage complications of PKD patients treated with CAPD may be decreased compared with those treated with HD. PKD patients can choose HD or PD as the initial therapy of ESRD unless existence of hernia or intolerance. PKD is not the contraindication of PD.

This report overviewed the national endemic status of schistosomiasis in China in 2008. During the whole year of 2008, a total of 412 927 cases of schistosomiasis were estimated and 57 acute cases were reported, among which one acute case infected with Schistosoma mansoni was imported from overseas. The reduction rates of total cases and acute cases were 19.97% and 32.53% when comparing to those in 2007, respectively. A total of 21 222 advanced cases were treated in 2008 with an increase rate of 15.04% comparing with that in 2007. About 372 263. 11 hm~2 of areas infested with Oncomelania snails were found in 2008, and about 1 197. 89 hm~2 newly detected areas were found in non-infested areas with Oncomelania snails, in historical records. There were 1 468 669 head of the cattle with its infection rate of 1.34% in schistosomiasis transmission regions, with reduction rates of 1. 86% and 36.79% , respectively, comparing to those in 2007. However, cattle were still remaining as the main infectious source for the transmission of schistosomiasis. Six provinces including Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Yunnan reached the national criteria of infection control. Sichuan Province reached the national criteria of transmission control. The country achieved the mid-term goal of schistosomiasis control written in the document ofOutline of mid- and long-term national programme on control and prevention of schistosomiasis (2004 -2015).

Objective To compare the efficacy between the two-cuff swan neck catheter and the Tenckhoff catheter in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients prospectively. Methods One hundred and ten patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were selected as candidates, who received catheter implantation and CAPD therapy for the first time. Patients were divided into group A (swan neck catheter group) and group B (Tenckhoff catheter group), 55 patients for each group. Catheters of beth groups had a straight end and were implanted by routine surgical procedure. One-year follow-up was performed and information was recorded such as complications, survival time, quit of dialysis, death, etc. Survival analysis was carried out by Kaplan-Meier method and Log-Rank tests. Results At the end of follow-up, 17 patients died, 3 received renal transplantation, 8 were transferred to hemodialysis, 3 went to other hospitals, and 79 patients (71.8%) remained in our department for CAPD. Twenty-six patients of both groups had peritonitis with a total of 35 occurrences. The total incidence of peritonitis was 0.32 times/patient year, with the detailed figure of 0.35 times/patient year for group A and 0.29 times/patient year for group B respectively (P0.05). The time interval between the catheter implanting and the onset of peritonitis was (30±29) weeks and (29±24) weeks for group A and group B respectively (P0.05). The risk of developing peritonitis in both groups was 26.97% within 1 year. Tunnel infection occurred in 2 patients and exit-site infections in 9 patients of two groups. The incidence of tunnel plus exit-site infections was 0.1 times/patient year. Incidence of tunnel infection and the exit-site infection for group A was lower than that of group B (0 vs 0.036 times/patient year and 0.06 times/patient year vs 0.11 times/patient year respectively). However, the difference was not significant (P0.05). Mechanical complications of catheter (catheter migration, omcntum wrapping, leakage of peritoneal dialysates, slip out of outer cuff), incidence of inguinal hernia and bellyache between two groups were not significantly different (P0.05). There were 4 cases of catheter drawing in each group. Both two groups had the same 12-month technical survival rate as 92.73%. Of 17 dead cases, 7 were in group A and 10 in group B (P0.05). The main death causes were cardiocerebral events (47.1%) and infections (23.5%). The 12-month survival rate was 86.34% for group A and 80.68% for group B (P0.05). Conclusions There are no significant differences of infection, mechanical complications, technical survival rate and patients' survival rate between two groups. The efficacy of swan-neck catheter is similar to Tenckhoff catheter in CAPD patients.

Objective To compare the use of solifenacin and trospium in treatment of overactive bladder (OAB).Methods This prospective study was conducted on patients diagnosed with OAB who presenting to the Department of urology,Changzhou No.3 People's Hospital between March 2015 and May 2016.Patients were randomized into 2 groups.Group A (n =40) received 5 mg solifenacin once daily,while Group B (n =39) received 20 mg trospium twice daily.All the patients' OAB symptom scores (OABSS) in weeks 0,4,and 12 were recorded.In addition,side effects of the drugs were evaluated.Results Average OABSS was determined as:9.3 ± 2.6 (Group A) and 10.2±1.9 (Group B) at week0;2.5±1.3 (GroupA) and 2.7±1.4 (Group B) at week4;and 1.4±0.5 (Group A) and 1.3 ± 0.6 (Group B) at week 12.In addition,no statistically significant difference was found between the scores (P =0.084,P =0.512 and P =0.423).The discontinuation rate of medication due to its side effects was 0 (0％) for Group A,and 5 (12.8％) for Group B.Intragroup changes in the scores 0 weeks-4 weeks,0 weeks-12 weeks and 4 weeks-12 weeks values was statistically significant in both groups (P =0.000).Conclusion No significant difference was found between the OABSS of these 2 drugs.However,discontinuation of drugs due to side effects was more frequent in trospium.

This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China at national level in 2013. By the end of 2013,there are 184 943 schistosomiasis japonica cases. Meanwhile,nine acute cases were reported,and 4 cases reduced compared with that of 2012. A total of 29 796 advanced cases were reported;while 911 cases were determined as advanced cases and 1 700 cases were dead in 2013. Nationally,there were around 365 467.99 hm2 Oncomelania snail infested areas in total and 9.25 hm2 of them habituated infected snails in 2013. There were 287.28 hm2 of snail infested areas found in non?endemic areas historically. Moreover,962 065 cattle were estimated to be raised in endemic regions and 633 cattle were deter?mined as positive by stool examinations. The data showed that the endemicity of schistosomiasis in China decreased further. How?ever,challenges exist to reach the aims of the medium and long term national program. Further control and effective surveillance need to be strengthened as the endemicity of schistosomiasis is unstable in the areas after schistosomiasis transmission under con?trol or interruption.