Alzheimer′s disease ( AD) is the most common disease leading to dementia .With aging of the population , the morbidity of AD is increasing significantly , which brings serious burden personally and socially .So the early diagnosis of AD has be-come the hotspot in the current research field .In order to highlight new ideas for the early diagnosis of AD , the current review will ana-lyze from the first international diagnostic criteria for AD dementia to the latest conceptual framework for research on subjective cogni -tive decline in preclinical Alzheimer′s disease.

Along with the development of biomarkers, the diagnostic criterion for early AD is continuously progressing until the preclinical stage of AD, on the base of which, the conception of subjective cognitive decline was raised.In order to highlight new ideas of the early diagnosis for AD in its preclinical stage, the current paper will talk about SCD in connection with neuroimaging tech-niques and examination of cerebrospinal fluid.

Objective To find out a new teaching pattern of Medical Statistics for medical postgraduate students.Methods To manifest the longitudinal thought of the medical research process from the teaching idea,the teaching content arrangement and the teaching method utilization.Results To discuss the superiority of the new pattern which provides the content frame and the teaching method based on the integrating theory and the practice.Conclusion The teaching reformation of Medical Statistics must be advantageous in improving the learner’s power of the medical scientific research,including selection of the scientific research topic,application of project,the quality control of the project,analysis of the material and inference of the conclusion,paper writing,self-appraisement and achievement evaluation.

It has been shown by TLC that American Ginseng contains substatial amount of pseudoginsenoside F11,while Ginseng is devoid of such content .Therefore, it offered a very convennient and effective method to distinguish Ginseng from American ginseng (root, stem,leaf and their saponin extracts).

Objective To evaluate the clinical application value of epicardial transesophageal echocardiography (ETE) in cardiac surgeries. Methods Using the transesophageal multi-plane ultrasonic probe of GE company, ETE were performed for a total of 53 patients undergoing cardiac surgeries with extracorporeal circulation and heart re-beat, evaluating valvular function, left ventricular systolic function and residual shunts. Results Qualiifed ETE images were obtained in all of the 53 cases without complications of infection, bleeding and serious arrhythmia. Intraoperative regional left ventricular systolic dysfunction happened in 5 cases and was promptly handled. Residual mitral regurgitation after valvular replacement was found in one case, which was reduced by valvuloplasty. One case showed moderate tricuspid regurgitation and another two cases indicated residual shunt. All the problems in the above cases were corrected in immediate surgeries. Moreover, the pressure gradient of one hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathic patient fell significantly to 8 mmHg after successful myectomy (the blood flow velocity fell from 3.2 m/s to 1.4 m/s). Conclusion Epicardial transesophageal echocardiogramphic examination is easy to handle and useful in monitoring abnormalities in cardiac surgery by providing hemodynamic and anatomic information.

This thesis mainly expounds the design ideas and the realization methods of medical statistics question database management system.Specifically speaking,the function modules,data structure and business processes of the system are designed based on the analysis of questions,test papers and the needs of system functions.We choose Visual Basic 6.0 to develop the system interface,establish the question database with Access 2003,and make use of Word 2003 to output documents.This system can achieve the separation of teaching and testing effectively which can make examinations more normal and scientific.

Objective To study genotypes,antibiotic resistance and epidemiology of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Shigella isolated in Tianjin,and to discuss the relationship between ESBL-producing Shigella and drug-resistance plasmid.Methods A total of 136 Shigella spp.were isolated from stool specimens of patients with diarrhea who presented mainly with bloody purulent stool from Tianjin Children's Hospital,Tianjin Medical University No.2 Hospital and Tianjin No.1 Central Hospital between May 2009 and September 2010.Suspicious ESBL-producing isolates were screened by K-B disc diffusion method. The conjugation experiment was performed in the confirmed ESBL-producing strains and antibiotic resistance was compared between clinical strains and transconjugants to confirm the plasmid-mediated resistance. The genotypes of these isolates were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primers for TEM,SHV,CTX-M-1 group,CTX-M-2 group,CTX-M-9 group,respectively.Intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) was employed to understand the molecular homology of the ESBL-producing isolates. The data were analyzed by x2 test.ResultsESBL were identified in 14.7％ (20/136) of Shigella isolates,but no AmpC enzyme were detected.Among all the Shigella isolates,16 strains were genotype CTX-M-14,4 were genotype CTX-M-15.The strains with CTX-M ESBL were resistant to multiple antibiotics,while 100％ sensitive to imipenem.The transconjugant test of 18 ESBL-producing isolates were positive,and these conjugations were only resistant to β-lactamases. Conclusions CTX-M type is the common genotype of ESBL-producing Shigella isolates in Tianjin. ESBL-producing is the main cause of multiple resistance to β-lactams.The transmission of CTX-M producing strains is mainly mediated by plasmids.

Against the deficiencies of the current preventive medicine education curriculum,training programs and curriculum were reformed according to the training objectives of the modem preventive medicine, while new ideas of preventive medical personnel training were explored in order to cultivate practical professionals with a certain ability to innovate and to adapt the development of modern public health and preventive medicine preferably.

Purpose To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata(RRP)on the footpad inflammation induced by complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA)in rats.Methods CFA 100 μL were injected subcutaneously to the Wistar rats at the pad of right hindfoots.19 days later,the rats were daily siven RRP water extract(0.625,1.250,2.500 g/kg·bw)or dexamethasone(0.5mg/ks·bw)intragastrically.The changes of body weight and foot volume were measured.The indexes of organ and blood were determined at the 29th day,the foot pad was removed,and routine paraffin section was performed.Results The model rats kept foot swelling and lymphocyte infiltrating,and the platelet number decreased.The other indexes were statistically insignificant when compared to the controls.RRP did not display any anti-inflammatory effect on the swollon foots,but thoracic gland and spleen indexes were rescued,and platelet number and creatinine content were increased by RRP administration in a dose-dependent manner.The anti-inflammation of dexamethasone was conspicuous,but the side effects were also significant.Conclusion RRP may be plays an adjunctive action in herbal recipes to treat rheumatoid arthritis.