Moyamoya disease is a rare cerebrovascular disease.Its incidence is higher in the East Asia.The pathogenesis of MMD remains unclear at present,but the epidemiological research both at home and abroad suggests that the genetic factors play an important role in the onset of MMD.This article briefly reviews the recent progress in research on MMD related genes.

The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the myocardial protection of different periop erative procedures in 100 cases with heart-valve replacement (HVR) between 1980 and 1992. Before Feburary. 1989. HVRs of 48 cases (group Ⅰ) were undertaken with hypothermia (28C=30C) and cold cardioplegic solution (4C. 500ml). under morphine-diazepam-pancuronium anesthesia: following cardiac resuscitation, the procedures were performed including blood transfusion, diuresis, supplemental KCI. inotropic support with dopomine, norepincphrine and aramine. and continuous mechnical ventilation. Since 1989, the procedures were increased to be conducted in 52 cases (group Ⅱ) as followed: A. preoperative managements for achiving the optimum status of cardiac function: 1. oxygen therapy by mask. 2. antirhenmatic treatment for patients aged less than 35 years. 3. oral isosorbide and captopril for pulmonary hypertension, 4, infusion with fructose 1.6-diphusphatc and glucose-insulin-KC1 mixture. 5. clinical dose of digitora and diuretics for cardiac failure; B. methods during surgery: 1. anesthesia was induced with fentanyl, midazolam and pancuronium. and maintained with inhalation of nitrous oxide and infusion of fentanyl at 30-35?g/kg/min, 2, hy pothermia (24C-27C) and cold cardioplegic solution(600-1000ml) 3. immediately before the blockage of aorta was overcome. the artificial perfusion blood pressure was reduced; afterwards, it was gradually recovered, in order to prevent myocardium from injury of reperfusion. 4. intra-and extracoporal circulations worked together over half of blokage time of arota, to improve myoardial oxygen delivery; C. treatments in early postoperative stage: 1. continuous positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation, 2. infusion with magnesium-potassium aspartyl: and the others were similar to those before 1989. As compared with those in group 1. the rate of spontanous restoration of beats increased significantly (P

To explore the effects of serum insulin on the expression of ChREBP, ACC and FAS in vivo, KKAy mice which were characterized with high levels of both serum insulin and glucose and DIO mice which were characterized with high serum insulin level alone were utilized, separately. The age-matched C57BL/6J mice fed with standard chow were used as normal control (Con). Expressions of hepatic ChREBP, ACC and FAS were detected by Western blotting. As the results, in KKAy mice, a positive correlation between the levels of serum insulin and glucose (r = 0.902, P < 0.000), as well as between the levels of serum insulin and TG (r = 0.732, P < 0.000), was observed. Meanwhile, the expressions of hepatic ChREBP, ACC and FAS increased significantly and accompanied with its hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, separately. In DIO mice, correlation between the levels of serum insulin and TG (r = 0.722, P < 0.001) also showed positive, and the expressions of hepatic ChREBP, ACC and FAS increased significantly and also accompanied with its hyperinsulinemia. However, their blood glucose values were almost normal. These demonstrated that hyperinsulinemia may cause glycolipid metabolic disorders by up-regulating the expression of ChREBP in vivo.

Objective To analyze the composing experience of Menghe physician Ma Peizhi for cough by TCM inheritance support system. Methods The prescriptions for cough of Ma Peizhi were collected, frequency and association of drugs were analyzed by using data mining methods such as revised mutual information, complex system entropy cluster and unsupervised hierarchical cluster. Results Based on the analysis of 57 prescriptions, the frequency of each herb and association rules among the herbs were computed, 18 core combinations and 9 new prescriptions were mined from the database. Conclusion Menghe physicians Ma Peizhi is well experienced in expelling wind and opening the inhibited lung, dissolving phlegm and relieving cough. TCM inheritance support system can be used to analyze clinical experience of old TCM doctor.

Objeetive To analyze the experiences for impediment syndrome of Ma Peizhi of Menghe Medical Genre by using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) inheritance support system.Method The prescriptions for impediment syndrome of Ma Peizhi were collected and inputted to TCM inheritance support system,from which we can get the frequency of drug usage and the relationship between drugs based on the association rules and clustering algorithm.Results In the 61 prescriptions,the drugs that used most frequently were Chinese Angelica,Largeleaf Gentian Root,and Twotoothed Aehyranthes Root,and the drug combinations that used most frequently were Largeleaf Gentian Root-Chinese Angelica,Chinese Angelica-Largeleaf Gentian Root,Chinese Angelica-Mulberry Twig.And there were also 26 core combinations and 13 new prescriptions mined from the database.Conclusion Ma Peizhi of Menghe Medical Genre was well experienced impediment syndrome by dispelling wind and removing dampness,and promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis,from which we can make a conclusion that TCM inheritance support system can be used to analyze the doctors' clinical experiences.

Objective To analyze the principle of the drug use ofMenghe PhysiciansMa-Peizhi by using the Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)inheritance support system.Methods The prescriptions for the commonly encountered diseases that used byMa-Peizhi were collected to build a database, and analyze by the unsupervised data mining methods, such as apriori algorithm, entropy clustering complex systems, from which we could get the frequency of the drugs, the association rules between drugs, the core drug combinations, and so on.Results Based on the analysis of 745 prescriptions, the most frequently used drugs were tuckahoe, chiretta, paenoiae alba, dried orangepeel and dioscoreae. The core drug combinations were “radix rehmanniae recen- salivia chinensis-ophiopogon root”, “teasel root-viscum album-achyranthes”, “menispermaceae-heracleum hemsleyanum michaux-gentiana macrophylla”, and “mulberry leaf-periostracum cicadae-the root of balloon flower”. The new prescriptions were “mulberry leaf-viter rotundifolia-batryticated silkworm-periostracum cicadae-the root of balloon flower”, “teasel root-viscum album- achyranthes- ramulus mori- periplocae”, and so on.ConclusionMenghe PhysiciansMa-Peizhi was well experienced in treating the commonly encountered diseases by agile diagnosis and treatment, and addition or subtraction of changes based on the classical prescriptions.

Objective To investigate the relationship between dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters and the late side effects (LSE) of the rectum in external-beam radiotherapy combined with computed tomography (CT)-based brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer.Methods From 2008 to 2011,18 patients with stage ⅡB-ⅢB cervical cancer received external-beam radiotherapy and CTbased brachytherapy.The DVH parameters of high-risk clinical target volume (HR CTV) D90,point A dose,and D1 cm3 and D2 cm3 of the rectum and bladder were calculated by Oncentra HDR treatment planning system.Survival outcomes were followed up and rectal LSE were evaluated by RTOG/EORTC grades.Results The point A dose and HR CTV D90 were (93.0 ± 5.5) Gy and (73.6 ± 11.9) Gy,respectively.The median follow-up was 26 months.No recurrence was found during follow-up.Eight patients had mild and moderate rectal LSE,and their rectum D2 cm3 and D1 cm3 were significantly higher than those of patients without mild and moderate rectal LSE (D2 cm3:(87.4 ± 3.8) Gy vs.(75.8 ± 7.4) Gy,P =0.004 ; D1 cm3:(96.4±6.6) Gy vs.(80.5± 7.1) Gy,P=0.001).Conclusions HR CTV D90 in CT-based brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer might be lower than that in the MRI-based plan.Rectum D2 cm3 is recommended to be less than 75 Gy.

Objective To conduct breath test with a relatively large number of subjects for new data regarding breath acetone in diabetes using a high accuracy and high data throughput breath acetone analyzer based on the cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) technique.Methods The CRDS breath analyzer was validated by standard acetone gas samples with various concentrations and golden standard gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).A total of 917 breath samples from 260 type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients and 30 healthy individuals were collected under each of 4 different conditions: fasting, 2 h post-breakfast, 2 h post-lunch, and 2 h post-dinner, and the samples were tested by the breath analyzer.Results The linear fitting curve of standard acetone samples with various concentration had good linearity (R=1, P＜0.05).The linear fitting of the results of GC-MS and CRDS was 0.98, suggesting that the obtained acetone concentrations using both methods were consistent.For the 260 T2D subjects, the exhaled breath acetone concentrations ranged from 0.0 to 10.6×10-6, while for the 30 healthy subjects, the breath acetone concentration ranged from 0.1 × 10-6 to 2.0× 10-6.The mean breath acetone concentration of the 260 T2D subjects was (1.5±1.l)× 10-6, which was 1.4 times of(1.1±0.5)×10-6 for the 30 healthy subjects.The mean breath acetone concentrations under the 4 conditions for the 260 T2D subjects ((1.6±1.2)×10-6, (1.4±1.0)×10-6~, (1.4±0.9)×10-6, and (1.4±1.2)× 10-6) were higher than that of the 30 healthy subjects ((1.3±0.3)×10-6, (1.0±0.6)×10-6, (1.0±0.6)×10-6, and (1.1±0.4)×10-6), respectively.No correlation was found between the breath acetone concentration and the blood glucose level of the T2D subjects and the healthy individuals.Conclusions The GC-MS validation confirms that the CRDS breath acetone analyzer is a reliable instrument for fast response and on-line breath acetone measurement.An elevated mean breath acetone concentration exists in T2D subjects.The relationship between breath acetone level and physiological parameters needs to be further investigated.

Objective To examine the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α,HIF-1α),tumor cell proliferation antigen Ki67 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in breast cancer tissues,adjacent tissues and normal breast tissues.Methods Immunohistochemistry HRP method was used to detect the expression of HIF-1α,Ki67 and VEGF in 70 cases of breast cancer tissues and their adjacent tissues and 10 cases of normal breast tissues.Difference of the positive rate was assessed viax2 test,and the correlation between the 3 were analyzed in a disorderly classified manner.Results The positive expression rate of HIF-1α,Ki67 and VEGF in 70 cases of breast cancer tissues was 78.6％ (55/70),88.6％ (62/70) and 65.7％ (46/70) respectively,significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues and normal breast tissues (P ＜ 0.01).The positive expression rate of HIF-1 α,Ki67 and VEGF was closely related with clinical stage,lymph node metastasis and histological grade (P ＜0.05).The expression intensity of HIF-1α was positively correlated with Ki67 and VEGF in breast cancer (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Detection of HIF-1 α,Ki67,VEGF may be an important indicator to predict the development,invasion,metastasis and prognosis of breast cancer.Tissue hypoxia may promote the proliferation of breast cancer cell and angiogenesis.A presumption is that HIF-1αmay be a new t()get of breast cancer,thus it deserves further study.

OBJECTIVETo study the basic morphological factors and the reliability and limitations of the diagnostic standards of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of breast masses which drafted.

METHODSA total of 4 309 fine needle aspiration biopsy cases of breast were performed and 951 cases of which were checked with their histological diagnosis.

RESULTSOf the 413 aspiration smear studies, relatively identical morphological features were found on the smears of lesions of the same nature. The sensitivity of diagnosis of malignant tumor in 732 cases, the specificity of diagnosis of benign lesion in 219 cases and the overall accuracy of diagnosis were 97.3%, 97.7%, and 97.4% respectively. The false negative rate, potential false positive rate and the overall misdiagnosis rate were 2.7%, 2.3% and 2.6% respectively, no false positive diagnosis case was found.

CONCLUSIONS(1) The differentiation and the arrangement pattern of the tubular epithelial cells and the amount of benign naked nuclear cells are the three essential factors in the analysis of morphological changes of FNAC of breast mass. (2) The examination of our diagnostic standards of FNAC of breast masses shows that the standards are very reliable but have certain limitations which need to be resolved by histopathological diagnosis.