There is a lack of knowledge concerning the frequency and significance in patients treated in the NICU because of the confused and difficult techniques in viral testing. Some researches revealed that the incidence of viral infection in the NICU was 5%. We discussed the common viral infections including re-spiratory syncytial virus,enterovirus,rotavirus,cytomegalovirus,herpes simplex virus,rubella virus,parvovir-us and human immunodeficiency virus. Based on the database of the outbreak of viral infections in NICU,we need for more effective outbreak prevention strategies.

Breast feeding is the optimal food for all babies. Human milk can promote the immune system and other immature organs of premature infants, and improve the development and long term outcomes. However, breast milk may carry pathogenic microorganisms especially cytomegalovirus, which can be infected through breast feeding. Infected preterm infants could appear a series of clinical symptoms and may developed a series of adversely long-term prognosis. This paper discussed the research progress about preterm infants acquired the cytomegalovirus by breast feeding after birth and focused on the existing clinical prevention treatment strategies.

Although children are susceptible to infectious diseases, the cases of children infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV)is relatively low, and the proportion of severe illnesses is even lower.The reason is that the 2019-nCoV cell receptor has low binding capacity in children or the induced intracellular response is low, children’s immune system is immature, lymphocyte depletion and inflammatory factor storms are rare in children, and China′s strict prevention and control measures have kept children away from 2019-nCoV.

The immense potency of bioactive molecules of human breast milk and importance of breastfeeding is known worldwide.Less attention has been paid on the cellular constituents and properties of breast milk.In the past decade,a research has been done by multidimensional approach to investigat the cells human milk.Technological advances have played an important role in this work,which has resulted in the breakthrough discovery of breast milk stem cells with self renewal and multilineage potentials.Regenerative medicine may benefit from utilizing these cells.Breast milk stem cells are transferred to the offspring during breastfeeding.This contributes substantially to infant health.This review summarizes the current knowledge on the potential of breast milk stem cells,with emphasis on their origin,properties and future applications.

Objective To explore the causes and adverse effects of hypocarbia in newborns during mechanical ventilation. Methods Two hundred and forty-six newborns received assisted ventilation from Jan. 1994 to Dec. 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. Results The morbidity of hypocarbia was 14. 2%. It is common in preterm infants and the onset time of which were (31. 6?26. 9) hours after mechanical ventilation. The common primary disease was respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (22. 6%). The mortality (32. 9%) and incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (20%) in hypocarbia cases were higher than those of the control group (7. 1 % and 5. 7%) (P

OBJECTIVETo study clinical characteristics and evaluate cardiac hemodynamic changes in premature infants with patent ductus ateriosus (PDA).

METHODOne hundred and five infants born at ≤ 34 weeks' gestational age (GA) and ≤2 000 g birth weight (BW) were prospectively enrolled, including 63 males and 42 females, and the mean GA was (31. 1 ± 1.9) weeks and BW (1 401 ± 314) g. Echocardiography was done to detect hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA) and to evaluate left ventricular function at 2, 3, 5 and 7 d respectively after birth. On the basis of clinical symptoms and echocardiographic outcome, all the cases were divided into 3 groups: hsPDA group (n = 34), non-hsPDA (nhsPDA) group (n = 44) and non-PDA (nPDA) group (n = 27) to survey and compare general conditions, DA diameter, shunt direction, left ventricular function and complications.

RESULTThe hsPDA group had smaller GA ((30. 5 ± 2. 1) vs. (31. 6 ± 1. 6) weeks, P = 0. 01) and greater proportion of pulmonary surfactant use and mechanical ventilation (2, 3, 5 d of birth) than the nhsPDA and the nPDA group (χ2 = 11. 62, 14. 95, 12. 73, 1:1. 59, P = 0. 00; 0. 00, 0. 01, 0. 01). Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that the average length of stay (ALOS) was correlated with hsPDA (F =3. 52 and P =0. 03, OR 1. 03 and P =0. 02). The ALOS was longer in the hsPDA group than in the nhsPDA and the nPDA group ((39 ±23)vs. (30 ± 16)and(29 ±13) d, P =0.02, 0.03). There was no significant.difference in rates of mortality/giving-up of treatment among the three groups (5. 9% (2/34)vs. 0 (0/44) and 3. 7% (1/27), χ2 = 5. 26, P = 0. 06). Diastolic blood pressure and mean blood pressure were significantly lower in the hsPDA group than in the other two groups (P all <0. 05) at 2, 3 and 5 days after birth and the pulse pressure was found significantly higher in the hsPDA group than in the nPDA group at 2 d after birth. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that hsPDA was correlated significantly with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (χ2 =7. 34 and 7. 39, P = 0. 02 and 0. 02; OR = 3. 46 and 4. 01, P = 0. 04 and 0. 02). Premature infants with hsPDA had normal left ventricular fractional shortening (FS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), although the cardiac output (CO) of left ventricle increased significantly(F = 6. 93, P <0. 01) within seven days of birth. There was no significant difference in cardiac hemodynamic parameters among closed group of hsPDA group, nhsPDA group and nPDA group simutaneously reexamined at 7th day after birth. The CO was extremely significantly different among premature infants who had different GAs and BWs. The lower the GAs and the BWs, the lower the value of CO(F =5. 16 and 14. 87, P all <0. 01). The DA diameter was reduced much more dramatically after ibuprofen treatment than before in hsPDA group(t = 5. 58, P <0. 01).

CONCLUSIONThe GA, PS use and mechanical ventilation were probably associated with hsPDA. The mean blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were decreased and pulse pressure was increased in preterm infants with hsPDA that correlated significantly with ALOS, NRDS and BPD. In addition, increased CO values were found in hsPDA group. Oral ibuprofen administered to preterm infants for hsPDA at > 24 h of life promoted ductal closure.

Birth Weight ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Cardiac Output ; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; physiopathology ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Ibuprofen ; therapeutic use ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Premature, Diseases ; Male ; Pulmonary Surfactants ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn ; Ventricular Function, Left

Objective To study the levels of umbilical plasma ?-endorphin (?-EP) in normal and abnormal pregnancy and the influencing factors. Methods The umbilical plasma ?-EP concentrations of 95 cases were measured by radioimmunoassay. Linear regression was used to find out the influencing factors of ?-EP including: neonatal gestational age, gender, birth weight, mode of delivery, maternal hypertension, maternal diabetes, premature rupture of membranes(PROM) and fetal distress. The subjects were divided into two groups: healthy term newborns and preterm neonates. Results Gestational age, mode of delivery and fetal distress were important factors influencing umbilical blood ?-EP production (P

Objective Examining the potential for genetic influences on the association of fetal growth restriction (FGR) with increased occurrence of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes in later life. Methods The study group consisted of 75 neonates of small-for gestation age (SGA) and 244 neonates of adequate for gestational age (AGA), whose mothers did not have diabetes mellitus. Anthropometric measurements were performed at birth. Fasting glucose and insulin levels were measured on the 3rd day after birth. The history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus was recorded in their parents and grandparents. Results The prevalence of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in parents and grandparents of SGA group than that of AGA group (20.0%, 30.7%, 12.0% vs 9.3%, 14.7%, 3.5%,P0.05). Conclusions Genetic factor may promote both FGR and susceptibility to occurrence of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes.

Objective To study the risk factors,clinical manifestations,drug sensitivity and outcomes of preterm infants with aerogenes infection in NICU.Method Preterm infants diagnosed to have infection of aerogenes in our NICU during July 2014 to October 2014 were selected as the infection group in our study.Uninfected preterm infants whose gestational age and birth weight were similar to the infants in infection group were selected as the control group.The ratio of number of infants in infection group and control group was 1 ∶ 2.The basic situation,clinical application of antibiotics before infection,defecation times,invasive manipulations,and parenteral nutrition time of the two groups were retrospectively collected.The clinical manifestations,drug sensitivity and outcomes of preterm infants with aerogenes infection were analyzed.Result There were 8 infants in infection group (male:female =3∶5).The birth weight ranged from 780 to 2 760 g;and gestational age from 28 to 33 w.There were 16 infants in the control group (male:female =1 ∶ 1).The birth weight ranged from 1 070 to 1 780 g,and gestational age,from 29 to 33 w.The incidence of prenatal infection in infection group was higher than that in the control group (3/8 vs.4/16,P ＜ 0.05).Comparing the two study groups,there were statistical differences between them in the following aspects (all P ＜ 0.05):non-invasive respiratory support time [11 (6,36) d vs.4 (0,6) d] and invasive mechanical ventilation time [(1 (0,6) d vs.0 (0,0) d].All the 8 infants in infection group had pneumonia,3 of them with sepsis (1 case was extremely low birth weight infant,and 2 cases were very low birth weight infants),and one of them died from septic shock.Drug sensitivity analysis showed that aerogenes were resistant to all the third generation cephalosporins,and were sensitive to Meropenem and Piperacillin/Tazobactam.The resistance rates of Imipenem were 1/6 in the first month,2/6 in the second month,9/11 in the third month,and 2/4 in the fourth month,respectively.Conclusion Avoidance of prenatal infection and shortening of the application of ventilator may reduce the incidence of aerogenes infection.Most of infants with aerogenes infection have favourable prognosis.The resistance rate of third generation cephalosporins is very high.Aerogenes could develop resistance quickly to the antibiotics which is sensitive initially.

Objectives To investigate the mechanism of integron mediated resistance and multidrug-resistance in P.aeruginosa.Methods The variable region of integron was amplified by integron PCR.Restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)and DNA sequencing were used to investigate the resistance genes in the variable region of integron.Results Of the 98 strains 35(35.7%)were the variable region positive,and size of the amplicons ranged from 1.0 kb to 4.0 kb.A total of 6 different cassette arrays were detected,including genes coding resistance to aminoglycosides,?-lactam compounds and sulfanilamides.Of the 5 cassette arrays 3 were novel,including aadA6-orfD,aadB-blaP1 and aadB-aac6-Ⅱ-blaCARB-8,and the Genbank numbers were DQ 091179,DQ 141316 and DQ 288251 respectively.Conclusions Integron mediates the resistance and multidrug resistance in P.aeruginosa.The majority of the genes located in integrons are those coding resistance to aminoglycosides.Three strains of class I integron with novel cassette arrays are reported.