OBJECTIVEThis study aims to evaluate the shaping capability of Reciproc, WaveOne, Mtwo, and ProTaper instruments in simulated root canals.

METHODSA total of 40 simulated resin blocks were divided randomly into four groups. Each group was prepared with Reciproc (Group 1), WaveOne (Group 2), Mtwo (Group 3), and ProTaper (Group 4). The preparation time and reduction in working length after preparation were measured. Pre- and post-operative images were obtained with a scanner and superimposed through Photoshop. The changes in canal curvature and material removal from the inner and outer canal walls at 10 points beginning at 1 mm from the end point of the canal were measured with Image J. Centering capability was determined accordingly. Data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA, SNK, and Kruskal-Wallis at a significance level of P < 0.05.

RESULTSThe preparation time of Group 2 was (53.7 ± 6.7) s, whereas those of Groups 1, 3, and 4 were (86.9 ± 8.1) s, (112.2 ± 8.2) s, and (177.9 ± 11.2) s, respectively; the difference was found to be significant (P < 0.05). The reductions in working length among the four groups after preparation were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The canal curvature for Groups 1 to 4 were 2.671° ± 0.637°, 2.667° ± 0.450°, 3.664° ± 0.870°, and 3.797° ± 0.601°, respectively. The changes for Groups 1 and 2 were significantly smaller than those for Groups 3 and 4. At the 3 mm point, the transportation of Group 1 was (-0.016 ± 0.094) mm, which was significantly less than that of the other instruments (P<0.05). At the 4 mm and 5 mm points, the trans- portation values of Group 2 were (-0.080 ± 0.104) mm and (-0.312 ± 0.088) mm, which were significantly less than that of Group 1 [(-0.243 ± 0.099) mm, (-0.404 ± 0.064) mm, P < 0.05].

CONCLUSIONReciproc and WaveOne can complete preparation faster and can maintain the original canal curvature better than Mtwo and ProTaper. Reciproc exhibits superior centering capability in the apical part of the canal, whereas WaveOne exhibits superior centering capability in the middle part of the canal.

Objective To assess the prevalence of the A to G mutation at position 3243 of the mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) gene in type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population. Methods We screened 716 randomly selected, unrelated patients with type 2 diabetes for the mutation with a PCR-RFLP technique. Results Three individuals with this mutation were identified, representing approximately 0. 4％ of the type 2 patients screened. Further screening of first degree relatives of these 3 patients identified another 4 affected carriers. In comparison with type 2 diabetic patients without the mutation, these 7 carriers of the mt3243 mutation had:①an earlier onset of diabetes (38. 0±10.1 yr vs 53. 4±10.0 yr, P ＜0. 001) ;②lower BMI (19.5±2.0 vs 24. 9±10. 9, P ＜0. 0001) ;and ③ lower post-challenge insulin levels (Area under the curve of insulin levels during the OGTT, 2946± 1647.2 vs 7469±6647.7, P ＜ 0. 01). In addition, we screened the same 716 patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as 181 controls with normal glucose tolerance,for a newly described mt 3316 G→A mutation. This mutation was found in 16 patients with type 2 diabetes (2.20％) and 5 controls (2.7％). Therefore, the frequency of the mutation was not different between patients and controls.Moreover, clinical characteristics such as age of onset of diabetes, BMI, and insulin levels were not different between diabetic patients with the mt3316 mutation and those without it. Concision The mt3316 G→ A mutation is a polymorphism unrelated to diabetes.

Objective:To compare the effect of four different techniques on removal of vapor lock in the apical region of curved root canals.Methods:Forty simulated resin root canals with 45° curvature were prepared using WaveOne Primary,then the apical foramen were sealed with soft wax.The teeth were divided randomly into 4 groups thereafter (n =10).Contract solution was injected into the canals using a 30 G side-vented needle and scanned with cone-beam CT (CBCT) to identify the volume of the vapor lock.Four different techniques including photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) laser-activated irrigation,gutta-percha cone technique,ultrasonic irrigation,and sonic irrigation were used to remove the vapor locks in the root canals.The residual volume of the vapor lock was identified again using CBCT scanning data.Accordingly,the reduction rates of the vapor lock were calculated.Furthermore,the initial and residual vapor lock length was calculated.The data were analyzed by using the One-Way ANOVA analysis and Kruskal-Wallis H test at a significance level of P ＜ 0.05.Results:There was no significant difference in the initial vapor lock volume (P ＞ 0.05).Residual volume of the vapor lock for PIPS laser-activated irrigation was 0 mm3,and that for gutta-percha cone technique was (0.02 ± 0.07) mm3,significantly lower than those of ultrasonic and sonic irrigation,the values being (0.20 ± 0.09)mm3 and (0.23 ±0.06) mm3 (P ＜0.001),respectively.The reduction rates of the vapor lock of PIPS laser-activated irrigation and gutta-percha cone technique were 100.00％ (100.00％,100.00％) and 100.00％ (77.66％,100.00％),respectively,significantly higher than those of ultrasonic irrigation [70.37％ (56.41％,91.43％)] and sonic irrigation [63.54％ (51.47％,74.00％),P ＜0.001].The length of the residual vapor lock for PIPS laser-activated irrigation was 0 mm,and that for gutta-percha cone technique was (0.15 ±0.47) mm,significantly lower than those of ultrasonic and sonic irrigation,values being (2.21 ±0.09) mm and (2.34 ±0.08) mm (P ＜0.001),respectively.The length of the residual vapor locks in the ultrasonic and sonic group remained approximately the same as the distance between the working tip and the apical foramen.Conclusion:PIPS laser activated irrigation and gutta-percha cone technique could remove the vapor lock from the apical region of curved canals effectivelv.

Objective: To evaluate effect of the morphology of simulated S-shaped root canals with Reciproc or Mtwo instruments on root canal irrigation. Methods: A total of 40 simulated S-shaped resin blocks were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=20), which was prepared by Reciproc or Mtwo. Blue ink was injected with constant speed and volume into the canals using 30G lateral opening syringe. hTe distance from needle tip to apex and vapor lock length were measured. A type of 25# 0.04 gutta-percha point was used to stir and remove the vapor lock. hTe time for removal of the vapor lock was recorded. Another syringe was used to inject saline into the canals and to measure the length of stagnant water. Results: hTe distance from needle tip to apex in the Reciproc group was signiifcantly longer than that in the Mtwo group [(4.276 ± 0.221) mm vs (3.459 ± 0.205) mm,P<0.05]. The vapor lock length in the Reciproc group was signiifcantly longer than that in the Mtwo group [(4.472 ± 0.230) mm vs (3.668±0.217) mm,P<0.05]. hTe time to remove vapor lock was signiifcantly shorter in the Reciproc group than that in the Mtwo group [(10.13 ± 1.79) s vs (15.29 ± 2.15) s,P<0.05]. The length of stagnant water was also shorter in the Reciproc group than that in the Mtwo group[(1.351 ± 0.142) mm vs (2.245 ± 0.206) mm,P<0.05]. Conclusion: hTe morphology of S-shaped root canal affects the root canal irrigation. hTe effect of root canal irrigated by Reciproc is better than that by Mtwo.

Objective To explore the effect of nurse-in-charge-led ward rounds on the multi-level training of nurses. Methods The traditional nursing ward round was adopted from Juanuary to December 2013 and the nurse-in-charge-led ward round was adapted from January to December 2014. The nurse-in-charge-led round mode and flowchart was developed by designating one nurse-in-charge to carry out the process of nursing round and other nurses in the group to carry out nursing interrogation, check-up, physical examination, nursing diagnosis, making nursing strategy and conclusion. Additionally, the two links of nurse-in-charge-led seminar and nursing feedback were added in the nursing round. The effect of nursing ward round and the results of nursing examination were compared between before and after the improvement. Results A year after implementing new nursing round mode, the effect of nursing round was significantly better than that before the implementation of new mode and the nursing examination score was significantly higher than that before its implementation (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The nurse-in-charge-led round mode can improve the effect of nursing round, improve clinical and professional ability to discover, analyze and solve problems.

Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the common complications of diabetes.Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells,as important constituent cells of the retina,play important roles in the development and progression of DR.Objective This study was to investigate the suppressive effects of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA on the proliferation of human retinal pigment epithelium cells (hRPECs) following high glucose culture.Methods HRPECs were divided into control group,high-glucose group and 3-MA+high glucose group.The cells were cultured by the DMEM/F12 with 5 mmol/L glucose in the control group,and by the DMEM/F12 with 5 mmol/L glucose in the high glucose group and by the DMEM/F12 with 10 mmol/L 3-MA (for 1 hour firstly) and 30 mmol/L glucose in the 3-MA+high glucose group.The cells were inoculated into 24-well plate with the content of 1 ×105/well,and then the cells were consecutively cultured for 24 hours with DMEM/F12 containing 0.5％ fetal bovine serum after achieved attached 80％ confluence.The morphology and uhrastructure of the cells were examined by optics microscope and transmission electronic microscope.The proliferative rate of the cells was assayed by CCK-8 kit.The expression of autophagy-related gene microtubule associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) in the cells was detected by Western blot and LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ value was quantitatively evaluated among the groups.Results The cells grew well with uniform size and regulatory arrangement in the control group.The cells in the high glucose group enlarged and the number of cells evidently increased.In the 3-MA+high glucose group,the cells decreased with a disorder arrangement.Under the transmission electron microscope,the cells were normal with the round-or oval-like nucleus and normal organelles in the control group,and autolysosome could be seen in the cells in the high glucose group.In the 3-MA+high glucose group,some autophagic bodies were found.The proliferative rate of the cells was (100.0±2.0) ％,(116.9-±5.2)％ and (103.7 ±4.7)％ in the control group,high glucose group and 3-MA+high glucose group respectively,showing a significant difference among the groups (F =13.526,P =0.006).The proliferative rate was considerably raised in the high glucose group compared with the control group and 3-MA+high glucose group (both at P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference in the proliferative rate of the cells between the control group and 3-MA+high glucose group (P＞0.05).Compared with the control group,the expressing intensity of LC3B-Ⅰ protein was weakened and that of LC3-Ⅱ protein was enhanced,and the expression intensity of LC3B-Ⅰ and LC3B-Ⅱ proteins in the 3-MA+high glucose group was similar to that in the control group.The LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio was 0.131 ±0.065,2.504±0.097 and 0.274±0.007 in the control group,high glucose group and 3-MA+high glucose group,respectively,with significant differences among the groups (F =1 694.676,P =0.000),and the LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio was increased in the high glucose group in comparison with the control group and the 3-MA+high glucose group (all at P＜0.05).No significant difference was found in the LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ ratio between the control group and 3-MA + high glucose group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions High glucose culture of hRPECs can activate autophagy process and promote cell proliferation.3-MA,an autophagy inhibitor,suppresses the high glucoseinduced growth of HRPECs by inhibiting autophagy process.

Objective To explore the effects and mechanism of atrovastatin on the expression of the NF-κB in renal tissues of diabetic rats.Methods A total of 60 male SD rats was randomly taken out 40 rats to make diabetic model by injection of 65mg streptozotoein (STZ) into enterocoelia,the rest of 20 rats were normal control group.After the model made,atrovastatin (2 mg/kg/d) was given to the treated group,and the normal control group and diabetic rats without treatment group were given equivalent water.After 12 weeks,the rats were killed.Total RNA of the renal tissues was isolated from one kidney for each rat,and the renal tissues from the another kidney was prepared for immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis.The NF-κB mRNA expressions among three groups were determined by RT-PCR.The distribution of NF-κB in the renal tissues was observed,and compared its difference among three groups.ResultsPCR showed that NF-κB mRNA was increased in the renal tissues of diabetic rats compared to control rats ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Drug-treated rats showed significantly decreased levels of NF-κB mRNA in the renal tissues compared to the untreated diabetic group( P ＜0.05).The results were also observed in protein lelel of NF-κB expression.IHC showed that there existed positive cells in the glomerular and renal tubulointerstitum.Conclusions Atrovastatin can down-regulate the expression of NF-κB and suppress the increased level of NF-κB protein in the renal tissue of diabetic rats,and slow the progress of retinopathy.

asic life care should be carried out immediately.

With the increasing international exchange of medical education , frequent exchanges increasingly of medical personnel through the cross-border and trans-regional .It caused widespread concern about the quality of medical education in different countries .This review focus on quality performance on the certification requirements of the standard of medical education .We take it as an opportunity to assess international medical education accredi-tation, and promote the reformation of teaching and examination .We tried to explore and establish the full quality assessment system for biochemistry .

Objective To observe the effects of physical agents therapy on serum hs-CRP, TNF-α andadiponectin in patients with cerebral infarction and the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods Sixty patientswith cerebral infarction were randomly and equally divided into two groups: 30 cases were treated with physical a-gents therapy ( physical therapy group) , and 30 with drugs only ( drug treated group). Thirty normal subjectsserved as the control group. The level of hs-CRP in the serum was determined by latex agglutination reaction, TNF-and adiponectin were determined by using ELISA before and after therapy. Results The levels of serum hs-CRP and TNF-α of patients with cerebral infarction before therapy were much higher than those of the control group,but adiponectin was significantly lower than those of the control group( P < 0.01 ). After therapy, the levels of ser-um hs-CRP and TNF-α were decreased and adiponectin was increased significantly in both treated groups ( P <0.01 ). Comparison with two treated groups showed that the levels of hs-CRP and TNF-α were lower and adiponec-tin was obviously higher in physical agents therapy group than those in the drug treated group ( P < 0.05 ). Con-clusion The patients with cerebral infarction have low level of serum adiponectin. Physical therapy might exertbeneficial effects on patients with cerebral infarction by the decreasing serum hs-CRP and TNF-α, as well as by ele-vating adiponectin.