Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO),as the contrast agent of MRI,possesses two major properties:long half time in the plasma and specific binding with macrophages.Compared with gadolinium,widely-used in clinic presently,USPIO has its unique advantages in diagnosis of central nervous system diseases,though which still need further clinical verification.This article reviews the application of USPIO in MRI diagnosis of some central nervous system diseases.

Objective:To observe clinical and pathological features of pancreatic solid-pseudopapillary tumor ( SPPT) , and to find some useful immunohistochemical methods for its differential diagnosis.Methods: The clinical features of 14 SPPT patients were obtained. Each case underwent microscopic observation and immunohistochemical staining. The primary antibodies were CgA, Syn, E-cadherin, β-catenin and Cyclin Dl. These results were compared with 5 pancreatic well-differentiated tumors and well-differentiated carcinomas ( WET/WEC). Results: SPPT mainly involved young women, and the head of pancreas was the commonest location. Tumors were always in solid and cystic gross appearance.Although the tumor' s borderlines seemed clear, focal infiltrations could often be identified. The histological features of SPPT were similar in some aspects to those of WET/WEC, especially the solid pattern of WET/WEC. Both of them could express CgA and Syn. But all SPPTs lost E-cadherin membranous signals, and even had some nuclear signals (5/14) , while all WET/WECs remained the same staining pattern with normal pancreas cells, β-catenin positive signals in SPPTs were located both in nuclei and plas mas. WET/WECs' positive signals were all in membranes and plasmas, but negative ones in nuclei. Perinuclear dot-like signals could also be seen in the majority cells, which were similar to normal islet cells' staining pattern. SPPTs' nuclear positive rates of Cyclin Dl were usually more than 70% (12/14). WET/WECs' rates were all lower than 30%. Conclusion: Comprehensive analysis of patients'clinical, pathological features and immunohistoehemistry results, including E-cadherin, β-catenin and Cyclin Dl, was helpful to the diagnosis of SPPT and its differential diagnosis of WET/WEC.

Objective To explore the correlation between pathologic findings of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma accompanied with cystic lesion and their radiological images .Methods The pathological and radiological data of 97 cases with cystic lesion of 560 patients who were diagnosed as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on postoperative pathology were retrospectively analyzed .All the patients underwent CT and MRI examinations .Results Postoperative pathological report showed that solid masses and cysts coexisted in all the lesions .Solid masses had compact structures and consisted of innumerable fibrous collagen mixed with tumorous tubular or acinar gland tissue but lack of vessels and inflammatory cells were infiltrated in tissues surrounding the tumors .As for the accompanied cystic lesions , 54 cases ( 56%) were pseudocysts , 22 cases (23%) were retention cysts, 12 cases (12%) were pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms ( IPMN) , and 9 cases (9%) were the necrosis and cystic changes of the tumors .Solid masses were hypodense or iso-hypodense in CT, and hypodense on T1 WI and isodense or iso-hyperdense on T2 WI in MR.The focal calcification was detected in only one mass .Seventy-eight cases displayed slight enhancement and 19 cases displayed no enhancement after enhancement .The tumor′s boundary were unclear in all cases .The cystic lesions which were located in masses were only observed in patients with tumors′necrosis and cystic degeneration, and other cystic lesions were adjacent to the solid masses .Single cyst was found in 70 cases (49 with pseudocysts , 12 with retention cysts , 9 tumors′necrosis and cystic degeneration ,) and multiple cysts were in 27 cases (5 with pseudocysts, 10 with retention cysts ,12 with IPMN).Exudation appeared surrounding the tumors in all cases accompanied with pseudocysts , and the cystic wall was attached to the spleen in 10 cases and the kidney in 5 cases.Hemorrhage appeared in 16 cases with pseudocysts .Pancreatic ducts were blocked by tumor masses and the proximal duct was dilated in 80 cases.Common bile ducts were obstructed with the proximal duct dilated in 18 patients.Splenic veins were infiltrated in 11 cases.Wall nodular lesions were seen in 5 cases with cystic degeneration .Conclusions Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly invasive tumor with compact structures , and the tumors′cystic degeneration is uncommon in such patients .Most of the cystic lesions accompanied with the tumors are pseudocysts or retention cysts , which are secondary changes caused by the obstruction in pancreatic ducts , and these pathological features are correlated the imaging findings .

Alkaloids are a kind of natural nitrogen compounds which are widespread in the nature, with special and significant activities in pharmacology. In recent years, immunoassay techniques have been applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of alkaloids from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, preparation and identifica-tion of artificial antigen with good immunogenicity are necessary and important for establishment of immunoassay for alkaloids from TCM. This paper summarized the designing ideas and procedures for preparation of artificial antigen and identification for the conjugates of alkaloids and carrier protein, in order to provide reference point for establish-ment and application of immunoassay techniques.

Objective To compare the diagnostic reliability of AO classification and Evans-Jensen classifications in X ray film and three-dimensional CT reconstruction images intertochanteric fractures, and explore advantage of the three-di?mensional CT. Methods A retrospective study was performed to evaluate 54 patients with intertochanteric fractures. Three orthopaedic surgeons were asked to make assessment of fracture classifications using X ray film and the three-dimen?sional CT images. Agreement test was performed to evaluate interobserver and intraobserver reliability for fracture classifica?tion. Results When X ray film was used, mean Kappa values of interobserver reliability for AO and Evans-Jensen classifi?cations between three surgeons were 0.597 and 0.571, that was medium consistency. While using three-dimensional CT to AO classification, lower Kappa value was 0.411, medium consistency. Evans-Jensen classification, Kappa value was 0.704, highly consistency. Each surgeon respectively using X ray film and three-dimensional CT, the mean Kappa values of AO and Evans-Jensen classification were 0.464, medium consistency and 0.191 (0.160-0.233), weak consistency. Conclusion Both classifications based on X ray film show moderate consistency, using three-dimensional CT does not improve the consis?tency of AO classification. The three-dimensional CT is not applicable in Evans-Jensen classification.

Objective This study aims to investigate the mutation spectrum and frequency of GJB2 , mtDNA12SrRNA,and SLC26A4 genes in Hui people,Tibetan,Tu nationality,and Mongolian patients with non-syndromic hearing loss in Qinghai province.Methods Peripheral blood samples were obtained from a total of 211 minority patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss in Qinghai province to extract genomic DNA.Three genes of GJB2,mitochondrialDNA12SrRNA,and SLC26A4 were screened for mutations in our study cohort using SNPscan technology.Results Among these 211 patients,5 Tu patients and 1 Mongolian patient were found to carry the ho-moplasmic mtDNAA1555G mutation.The GJB2 mutations detection rates were 11.38%,4.55%,5.88%,and 10%in Hui people,Tibetan,Tu nationality,and Mongolian patients,respectively.No statistically significant differences in the GJB2 mutations detection rates were found among all four ethnicities (P>0.05).c.235delC was the most prevalent mutation in both Tu patients and Mongolian patients.The allele frequency was 2.94% and 5%,respec-tively.While for Hui patients,c.299 300delAT was the most prevalent mutation with the allele frequency of 4.47%.The mutations detection rates of SLC26A4 were 6.5%,4.55%and 2.94%in Hui people,Tibetan,and Tu nationality patients,respectively.No statistically significant differences in the SLC26A4 mutations detection rates were found among all three ethnicities (P>0.05).c.235delC was the most prevalent mutation in Hui patients,the allele frequency was 2.44%.While for Tibetan patients,c.1226G>A was the most prevalent mutation with allele frequency of 2.27%.Conclusion A total of 10.9% of deaf patients have inherited hearing impairment caused by GJB2,SLC26A4,and mtDNAA1555G mutations.The mutation spectrum of GJB2 and SLC26A4 genes has the eth-nic specificity in nonsyndromic hearing loss patients of minority ethnicities in Qinghai province.

Recently,thesituationofchemicalsubstancesillegallyaddedinTCMandhealthproductsismoreandmorecomplex and subtle, which not only results in latent danger and harm to customers, but also induce supervision difficulty and challenge for su-pervision departments. The variety and composition of chemical substances added illegally, analytical methods and relative state laws and regulations were illustrated in detail in the paper, which can provide the basis for the rational and safe use of TCM and health prod-ucts, and provide the reference and technology support for the supervision departments.

Objective To observe the operation process implementation and the therapeutic effect of interventional therapy for the superior mesenteric artery thrombosis.Methods 21 cases with superior mesenteric arterial thrombosis who had the diagnosis and clinical treatment in our hospital from January 2005 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Among 21 cases,19 cases had obvious risk factors,and their early symptoms and signs were not consistent.The artery angiography showed that 17 cases had superior mesenteric artery thrombosis,2 cases had ileum arterial thrombosis,2 cases had inferior mesenteric arterial thrombosis.All surgeries were performed successfully.The length of hospital stay was 10 14 days with an average of 11 days.After interventional treatment,the symptom of abdominal pain had obvious remission.The follow-up period was 12 to 36 months and no recurrence was found.Conclusions The diagnosis of mesenteric arterial thrombosis is difficult.Mesenteric arterial thrombosis needs the early diagnosis and timely interventional treatment.

Objective To explore the correlation between imaging features and pathological findings of alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS).Methods The clinical data,radiographic images and pathological characteristics of seven patients with histopathologically proved ASPS from 2003 to 2009 were retrospectively reviewed.Digital radiography (DR),plain CT,pre and post-contrast MR and DSA were performed in all patients.HE staining and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were used in pathological examination and CD34 were marked in immunehistochemical study.Results All patients were females.Their age ranged from 16 to 37 years with median of 24 years.Two tumors were located in pelvics,three were located in thighs,and two were located in legs.DR and CT plain scan features of ASPS were non-specific.MR demonstrated the tumors with large diameter and well defined margin locating in the deep tissues.Tumors were hyperintense on T2-weighted and T1-weighted images with many flow void vessels and persistent remarkable enhancement.There were numerous vessels with arteriovenous fistula on DSA.Pathological examination revealed solid nests of several polygonal tumor cells arranged in an alveolar pattern and separated by thinwalled,sinusoidal vascular channels.Tumor cell were noted on periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains.And the endothelial cells of sinusoidal vascular channels were positive on CD34.Conclusions As a malignant tumor which predominantly developed in deep location of trunk or extremities in young females,numerous void signal and hyperintensity on T1-weighted were the features of ASPS on MR.Numerous vessels could also be confirmed on DSA.These image findings were correlated closely with the pathological manifestations.

Objective To observe the adipose-derived cytokine changes and aggravate cognitive impairment in olanzapine-induced obese rats caused by glucose metabolic disorder.Methods 20 rats fed with ordinary fodder were used as normal control group,olanzapine group of 20 rats fed with olanzapine(1.2 mg · kg-1) and ordinary fodder for 4 weeks.Successfully established experimental model rats induced by olanzapine after 4 weeks.Serum tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),interleukins 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) contents were measured by Elisa.Serum glucose contents were determined by biochemical colorimetric method and blood lipid contents determined with automatic biochemical analyzer.Learning,memory capacity and escape latency were detected with Maze test.Results After administration 4 weeks,the levels of body weight,blood glucose and blood lipid in olanzapine group were higher than those in control group.The serum TNF-α((1.57±0.04) ng/ml),IL-6((127.47±11.38) pg/ml) and CRP ((2.68±0.06) mg/ml) in olanzapine group rised,compared with control group ((0.59±0.03) ng/ml,(96.58± 8.77) pg/ml and (1.86±0.04) mg/ml respectively),the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Electric shocks and escape latency in olanzapine group were higher than those in control group (P＜0.05).The FBS had positive correlation with hs-CRP,IL-6 and TNF-α respectively (r=0.385,0.260,1.280; all P＜0.05).Conclusion Olanzapine can induce metabolic disturbance of blood glucose,blood hpid,and the increase of serum TNF-α,IL-6 and CRP levels in rats.Positive correlation is showed between TNF-of and FBS.Hyperglycemia can promote cell toxicity and leads to cognitive dysfunction in rats.