Exosomes are small membrane vesicles approximately 40-100 nm in diameter released by a variety of cell types.Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, mRNA and microRNA, and play important roles in intercellular communication.This article reviews the sources, general features and biological function of exosomes, as well as its possible role and mechanism in the pathophysiology and neurological recovery of ischemic stroke.

Objective To study the histocompatibility of tissue engineered skin with the observation of the effects of selectins E and P on the immunological rejection after skin allograft in rats. Methods Tissue engineered skin was prepared as follows: The materials obtained from the neonatal SD rats were cultured and then grafted onto the adult Wistar rats. The expression of selectins E and P in the grafted skin was determined with immunohistochemical staining. Results The expression of selectins E and P was significantly higher in the rats with allograft than in the rats with the grafts of tissue-engineered material. Conclusion Selectins E and P play an important role in the immunological rejection after allograft of skin but the tissue-engineered skin graft possesses favorable histocompatibility and shows no obvious immunological rejection.

Objective To investigate the effects of valsartan on experimental left cardiac function and the vasoactive substance in rats with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods Seventy Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 group:①Sham groups: including Sham 1(n=5) and Sham 4(n=5).The pericardium of rats in Sham groups were cut open and sutured immediately.The rats were routinely breeded for 1 week and 4 weeks,1.5 mL saline was poured into stomach once a day.②Control groups: AMI 1 (n=10) and AMI 4 (n=10).Anterior descending branches of coronary artery of Wistar rats were ligated to establish models of AMI.The rats with AMI were poured into stomach with 1.5 mL saline once a day after AMI for 1 week and 4 weeks.③Valsartan groups: VAS 1 (n=10) and VAS 4 (n=10).The rats with AMI were poured into stomach with valsartan 10 mg?kg-1 and 1.5 mL saline for 1 week and 4 weeks(once a day).Cardiac function was assayed by arterial cannulatio.Angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ),aldosterone (ALD),endothelin (ET),thromboxane A2(TXA2) and prostacyclin I2 (PGI2) in serum were measured by radioimmunoassay.Results ① Valsartan could evidently improve cardiac function on the 1st and 4th week after experimental AMI.+dp/dtmax and-dp/dtmax were both increased on the 1st and 4th week and more evidently on the 4 week.②Compared with control groups,valsartan decreased the levels of ALD,ET and TXA2 in plasma and increased the levels of AngⅡ and PGI2 in plasma.Conclusion Valsartan could improve left cardiac function on late stage of infarction,the effect improve not only systolic function,but also diastolic function.

A number of compounds extracted from plants have cert ain physiological and pharmacological activity.Some of these compounds had been proved to have the ability to induce tumor cell apoptosis and demonstrated antitumor activity depending on their chemical structures.This review focuses on recent progress in the studies about the mechanism of tumor cell apoptosis induced by plant extracts including alkaloids,terpenes and lignans.

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics and drug resistance change of acinetobacter baumannii in prima‐ry hospital during 2005-2014 to provide reference for clinical rational drug use .Methods The infection characteristics of acineto‐bacter baumannii in primary hospital during 10 years and its resistance to 10 kinds of common antibacterial drugs was analyzed .Re‐sults A total of 576 strains of acinetobacter baumannii were isolated during 2005-2014 ,accounting for 31 .44% of all Gram nega‐tive bacteria ,which was significantly higher than that of Escherichia coli ,pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumonia bacillus (P<0 .05);446 strains were mainly originated from the sputum specimens (77 .43% ) and 290 strains(50 .35% ) from ICU ;the re‐sistant rate was 44 .44% for CSL ,62 .24% for MIN and more than 70 .00% for 8 kinds of antibacterial drugs of IPM ,MEM ,etc .;which to IPM ,CAZ ,SXT showed the declining trend year by year ,while which to MEM ,AMK ,LEV ,MIN showed the rising trend year by year .Conclusion The isolated acinetobacter baumannii strains in primary hospital are rised year by year ,and generally have resistance to commonly used antibacterial drugs ,the clinical doctors should rationally select antibacterial drugs according to the drug susceptibility test results for preventing the occurrence of acinetobacter baumannii infection .

Objective To investigate the expression and relationship between hepatocyte cell adhesion molecule (hepaCAM) protein and some multidrug resistance proteins in renal carcinoma tissue.Methods Expressions of hepaCAM,multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP),P-glycoprotein (P-gp),lung resistance protein (LRP),and topoisomerase Ⅱ (TOPO Ⅱ) protein were detected by immunohistochemistry in different areas of human renal cell carcinoma tissues and their relationships were analyzed.Results In the peripheral zone of renal tumor,hepaCAM,MRP,P-gp and LRP protein were showed positive expression.In the central region of the renal tumor,the expressions of hepaCAM,P-gp and LRP were negative or weakly positive,while the expressions of MRP and TOPO Ⅱ protein were positive.The expressions of MRP and TOPO Ⅱ protein in the central region of tumor were stronger than those in the peripheral zone of tunor (31.23 ±5.67 vs.23.89 ±4.56;45.66 ±2.34 vs.5.23 ±0.66),with statistically significant differences (t =-6.20,P =0.00;t =-100.16,P =0.00).While the expressions of other proteins (hepaCAM,P-gp and LRP) in the central region of tumor were weaker than those in the peripheral zone of tumor (3.21 ±1.12 vs.27.25±2.23;2.34±0.33 vs.51.23±3.45;4.22±1.78 vs.44.23 ± 1.45),with statistically significant differences (t =60.87,P =0.00;t =90.35,P =0.00;t =107.18,P =0.00).Correlation analysis showed that the expression of hepaCAM protein in the central region of renal carcinoma was related with the expression of MRP protein (r =0.94,P =0.01),but it was not related with the expressions of P-gp,LRP and TOPO Ⅱ protein (r=0.22,P=0.44;r=0.14,P=0.80;r=0.34,P=0.07).Conclusion The expression of hepaCAM protein in renal carcinoma may be related to tumor drug-resistance.

Objecitive Under the fluorescent microscope ,we used fluorescein sodium fluorescence to determine glioma boundary ,thus gliomas removed through surgery more thoroughly .Mtehods We randomly se-lected 14 patients who were admitted in the First Hospital of JiLin University as the research objects ,patients with glioma were diagnosed as glioma according to the physical signs ,physical examination a,nd imaging findings before surgery.Diagnosed with glioma,intraoperative application of fluorescein sodium yellow fluorescence was deter -mined the tumor boundary ,and removal of the tumor ,according to the fluorescence intensity strength is different . The pathological diagnosis was to determine the boundary of fluorescent was accurate .Postoperative examined MRI was performed in order to make clear the excision of the tumor ,and the neurological condition of postoperative was observed.Results Glioma could be inspired by yellow fluorescence under fluorescent microscope .The normal brain tissue was not light .Postoperative pathological results showed that the fluorescent yellow area contained a lot of glioma cells,pale yellow fluorescence area found a small amount of glioma cells .Postoperative enhanced MRI scan had confirmed that application of fluorescein sodium could be more thoroughly resection of glioma ,postopera-tive dysfunction was reduced .Conclusion This method is prior to tumor boundary observasion without fluoresent staining and reducing the recurrence of the tumor and reducing the normal brain tissue damage ,and therefore,im-proving the quality of postoperative survival of patients .

Objective To investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor ot (TNF-α) on monocyte-renal tubular epithelial cell adhesion and to explore its associated mechanism. Methods Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (HK2 cells)and monocyte cell line (U937)were used to perform cell co-culture. TNF-α (10 μg/L)was used to stimulate HK2 cells and then U937 was put into the HK2 monolayers. Three locational parts of hyaluronan around HK2 cells were extracted by different ways and the HA expression was detected by enzyme-linked binding protein assay. Monocyte adhesion was detected by florescence recording assay. Flow cytometry was applied to assess intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in HK2 cells. Results Stimulation of HK2 cells with TNF-α significantly increased U937 binding to HK2 cell monolayer [(2.25±0.05) folds vs control, P<0.01]. Incubation of TNF-α (10 μg/L) with HK2 cells for 24 hours did not induce the change of total HA expression surrounding the HK2 cells, whereas HA redistribution happened with conditioned medium fraction (CM-HA) increased [(1.17±0.16) fold vs control, P<0.05], the pericellular fraction (trypsin extract fraction, TE-HA) decreased (83%±11% vs control, P<0.05) and the remaining cells-associated HA (cell associated fraction, CA) did not change significantly. In addition, pre-treatment of HK2 cells with TNF-α significantly increased the ICAM-1 expression [(1.85±0.22) folds vs control, P<0.01] and ICAM-1-dependent monocytes binding. Removal of HA from the surface of confluent monolayers of HK2 cells by hyaluronidase before addition of U937 cells increased monocyte binding[ (1.35±0.06) folds vs control, P<0.05]. In contrast, the presence of either sICAM-1 (400 μg/L) or anti-CDI8 antibody (10 mg/L) led to a significant decrease in ICAM-1-dependent monocyte binding (78%±7%, P<0.05; 75%±8%, P<0.01 vs those before adding sICAM-1 or anti-CD18 antibody, respectively). Conclusion HA redistribution induced by TNF-α may facilitate ICAM-1-dependent monocyte-epithelium binding, and pericellular HA plays a protective role in monocyte-driven tissue inflammation.

Objective To cultivate mice glomerular podocyte with high glucose and high Ang-Ⅱ,observe the morphocytology of podocyte,and investigate protein kinase C (PKC) activity,the expressions of nephrin and CD2-associated protein (CD2AP),and apoptosis of podocyte with injuries cultivations.Methods The conditions immortalization mice podocyte cell lines was cultivated,after passage and differential induce,the cell lines was divided into six groups:normal group,high glucose group,high Ang-Ⅱ] group,the above two mixed group,intervened group of PKC inhibitor,and hypertonic group.After 72 hours,cell apoptosis rate was detected with flow cytometer; PKC activity was detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 24 hours and 48 hours ; The expressions of nephrin and CD2AP mRNA were detected by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results (1)After 24 hours,the PKC of high glucose group and high Ang-Ⅱ group were more activated than normal group [(47.09 ± 1.19) pmol/L,(42.93 ±0.71) pmol/L,P ＜0.05].The activated phenomenon was more obvious in the mixed group.Compared to 24 hours [(58.75 ±0.71) pmol/ L,P ＜ 0.01],PKC was more activated in 48 hours (P ＜ 0.05).(2) Nephrin mRNA was reduced in podocyte exposed to high glucose and high Ang-Ⅱ at least 24 hours (56.87 ± 0.74,48.54 ± 0.86,P ＜ 0.05),and was reduced more in mixed group (11.7 ± 1.54,P ＜ 0.01).(3) CD2AP mRNA was reduced in podocyte exposed to high glucose,high Ang-Ⅱ,and mixed environment at least 48 hours (56.09 ± 1.46,67.68 ±2.58,and 54.08 ±2.74,P ＜0.05).The decrease trend of nephrin and CD2AP mRNA was restrained by PKC inhibitor(90.75 ± 1.33,P ＜0.05).(4) After 48 hours and 72 hours,the apoptosis rates of high glucose group,high Ang-Ⅱ group,and mixed group were risen compared to normal group (P ＜ 0.05).The increase of apoptosis rate can be restrained by PKC inhibitor.Conclusions High glucose,and high Ang-Ⅱ can activate the podocytes PKC activity,inhibit the expression of nephrin and CD2AP mRNAs,and induce podocyte apoptosis.PKC signaling pathway plays an important role in the injury mechanism of Ang-Ⅱ and high glucose to mice podocyte.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of anterolateral decompression and internal fixation on the treatment of old thoracolumbar vertebrae fracture with associated incomplete paraplegia. Method the clinical findings of 26 cases with old thoracolumber vertebrae fracture with associated incomplete paraplegia treated by anterolateral decompression and internal fixing were reviewed retrospectively. Results All cases were followed up for 6 months through 2.5 years. The angle of kyphosis was 23?preoperatively and 6?postoperatively. According to Frankel's grading, there were two cases at grade A, three at grade B, five at grade C, seven at grade D, nine at grade E before operation and one at grade A, three at grade B, four at grade C, six at grade D and 12 at grade E after operation. Conclusion Anterolateral decompression and internal fixation is the treatment of choice for the old thoracolumber vertebrae fracture associated with incomplete paraplegia, especially for spinal deficit generated by displacement of the middle column.