Hepatic carcinomas were induced with the administration of diethyl-nitrosamine (DEN) in rats. The morphological changes of the liver tissues in the course of carcinogenesis could be divided into 3 successive stages: the nonspecific changes reacting to the drug toxicity, non-cancerous hyperplastic nodules of hepatocytes and ductular cystadenomatous lesions,and the lesions of genuine malignancy including hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.The ultrastructural alterations of hepatocellular carcinoma showed a complicate picture and were related to the differentiation of the tumor cells. In one case of cholangiocarcinoma, numerous cytoplasmic dense-core granules similar to the neurosecretary granules seen in apudoma were found in some of the tumor cells, which is postulated to be a special type of cholangiocarcinoma. On the basis of the results, Ihe histogenesis of the neoplasms after DEN administration is considered to originate from hyperplastic nodules of hepatic cells and ductular hyperplasia.

Objective To compare the difference of serum heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and carbon monoxide(CO) levels between the patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) caused chronic heart failure(CHF) and CHD patients with normal cardiac function,and further to explore the protective mechanism of HO-1/CO system during the pathogenesis process of CHF.Methods Ninety-one patients with CHF were selected as the observation group and 72 CHD cases with normal cardiac function were taken as the control group.The concentration of HO-1 was determined by ELISA arid the Chalmer S method was used to detect serum CO concentration.The general clinical data of the two groups were recorded by the using the heart failure questionnaire.And the liver and kidney functions,blood lipids,NT-proBNP,BNP and cardiac echocardiography examination were performed.Results The serum HO-1 level in the observation group was (8.13±0.27)ng/mL,which was higher than (2.80±0.52)ng/mL in the control group;the CO level in the observation group was (0.35±0.06)mg/L,which was lower than(0.59±0.07)mg/L in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.01);the HO-1 level in the observation group was gradually increased with the increase of cardiac function grade (P＜0.01);while the CO level was decreased with the increase of cardiac function grade (P＜0.01).Conclusion The serum HO-11evel in the patients with CHF is highly expressed with the heart failure aggravation;endogenous CO is gradually decreased due to consumption after cardiac failure aggravation.

Objective To explore the differential proteins between livers of control and brain dead grups,and to provide an experimental basis for the assessment of liver quality in brain dead rabbits.Methods 60 healthy male New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups.The brain dead group (n=30) contained rabbits 2 hours (B1),6 hours (B2),and 8 hours(B3) after brain death.The sham group (n=30) contained groups of 2 hours (C1),6 hours (C2),and 8 hours (C3).At the end of the relevant experiments,blood samples and liver tissues were collected.The level of ALT and AST were determined by an automatic biochemistry analyzer and the morphologic changes of the livers were detected by HE staining.The differentially expressed proteins were screened and identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,PDQuest software,matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry,and the NCBI database.Results In 8 hour brain dead group,the level of ALT increased comparing with 6 h (P＜0.05),but there was no significant statistical difference in the other groups.Under real time observation with the light microscope,the livers of the brain dead groups had increased edema and infiltration of lymphocytes in the portal area,especially in the 8 hour group.However,infiltration of neutrophils also appeared in the 8 hour control group and all groups had no damage in the liver cell.There were 10 kinds of differentially expressed proteins through the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,mass spectrometry analysis,and database query.One protein of interest was ALDH2,which showed a gradually decreasing expression in the liver when the braid dead time increased.Conclusion Brain death could lead to no damage of liver function and little damage to liver morphology.The identified protein ALDH2 may be related with liver injury after brain death and could be a new indicator in the assessment of liver quality in brain dead rabbits.

Objective To explore the way to establish the brain death model for rabbits and pathophysiological changes before and after brain death.Methods 80 healthy male New Zealand rabbits were divided into brain death group (n =60) and sham operation group (n =20),The 60 brain death rabbits were established by increasing intracranial pressure in a modified,slow,and intermittent way.The sham operation rabbits were only maintained with anesthesia.Results The 56 brain death rabbits were established successfully and maintained for 10 h with the respiration and circulation supports.2 rabbits died due to anesthetic accident,the other 2 died because of improper pressure.The surgical success rate is 93.3％ (56/60).The changes of mean artery pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in brain death group were more significant than in sham operation group:MAP and HR fluctuated and showed the increased tendency.The mean MAP and HR during increasing intracranial pressure were (400.24±18.36) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) and (258.00 ± 25.70) beats/min respectively,which was significantly higher than before and after increasing intracranial pressure (P＜0.05).Conclusions The brain death model for rabbits could be established by increasing intracranial pressure in a modified,slow,and intermittent way successfully and maintained 10 h.the MAP and HR before and after brain death showed characteristic changes.The model is helpful to the further observation of organ changes in brain dead state.

Objective To understand the current situation about flexible position switch of non-licensed nurses in Chongqing, to discuss the cause of the flexible position switch, and to provide basic information for constructing scientific managerial measure. Methods Using the stratified clustering method to sample the nurses from 18 hospitals of different ranks in Chongqing and investigated them with self-designed questionnaire. Results Among the 1145 non- licensed nurses joining the investigation, 42.53%and 52.49% of them showed the will to switch their positions or occupations, 84.89% of them objected their children to occupy themselves with nursing service. 68.56% non-licensed nurses believed that flexible position switching had influence on themselves, while 74.50% of them believed that flexible position switching had impacts on hospitals. The main cause of the flexible position switching of non-licensed nurses included: feeling their work not beyond exceptions、 not enough respect in hospital 、lack of further development, and so on. Conclusions The high rate of will for flexible position switch cause great influences on the development of hospitals and non-licensed nurses themselves. Better treatment and raising respect should be given to them in order to stabilize nursing team.

Objective To investigate the status of hospitalized cancer patients sense of hopelessness.Methods 508 cancer patients in the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were recruited and divided into the youth group and the middle aged group.Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was assessed to compare the depression degree between the youth group and the middle aged group.Results In general,without a sense of hopelessness in 182 patients (40.9％),mild hopelessness in 178 patients (40.0％),moderate hopelessness in 68 patients (15.3％),severe hopelessness in 17 patients (3.8％).However,no statistical difference was significantly different on the depression degree between the youth group and the middle aged group,while significat difference existed between patients with different dwelling places and treatment time.Conclusions Most cancer patients have different degree of hopelessness.Duration of treatment,dwelling conditions and other factors can affect the patients sense of hopelessness.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that Candida albicans possesses capsule structure. Whether capsule structure is associated with the virulence of Candida albicans?OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the pathogenic difference between the standard strains of Candida albicans and the clinically isolated strains, verified whether capsule was the virulence factor of the Candida albicans, and analyzed the association between the animal pathogenicity of different strains and capsule thickness.DESIGN: A randomized controlled animal experiment.SETTING: Department of Pathogenic Biology, Gannan Medical College.MATERIALS: This study was performed at the Scientific Research Center, Gannan Medical College between May and June 2005. A total of 120 BALB/c mice and 72 healthy adult rabbits were included. Candida albicans strains (CCCMC1a and ATCC 14053) were used. The isolated and cultured 4 strains were numbered as C1-1, C1-2, C1-3,and C1-4.METHODS: All animals were randomly divided into 6 groups with 20 mice and 12 rabbits in each group, namely,CCCMC1a, ATCC 14053, C1-1, C1-2, C1-3, and C1-4 groups. Strains smeared in sabouraud ager medium for 36 hours were diluted into the bacterial solution with physiological saline. This solution was intravenously injected into rabbit ear edge, 1.5 mL per rabbit, and intraperitoneally injected into BALB/c mice, 0.5 mL per mouse. Six hours after administration, animal response was observed, and attack time, death time, and mortality were recorded.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rabbit nephridial tissue printing slices and mouse peritoneal fluid smears were made for Hiss capsule staining microscopy. The capsule thickness of 40 randomly selected yeast cells in each strain was measured using a microscope-micrometer, and the mean capsule thickness of each strain was compared.RESULTS: Compared with C1-1, C1-3, CCCMC1a, and ATCC 14053, C1-2 and C1-4 possessed stronger animal pathogenicity. The standard strains and clinically isolated strains could form capsule in the rabbit and mouse bodies. Capsule thickness differed due to different strains and animal genera (P < 0.05-0.01). The bacterial capsule thickness was greater in the rabbit renal infection focus than in the mouse abdominal cavity. The bacterial capsule thickness of rabbit renal infection focus and mouse abdominal cavity in the C1-1, C1-2, C1-3, and C1-4 groups was greater than that of the same genus in the CCCMC1a and ATCC 14053 groups. The bacterial capsule thickness of rabbit renal infection focus and mouse abdominal cavity was the greatest in the C1-2 and C1-4 groups.CONCLUSION: Candida atbicans C1-2 and C1-4 strains have strong animal pathogenicity. C1-2 and C1-4 strains possess greater bacterial thickness than other strains. It has been primarily confirmed that capsule is possibly a virulence factor of Candida albicans, and capsule thickness is closely associated with animal pathogenicity.

Biliary complication (BC) after liver transplantation has attracted increased attention from a clinical and research perspective.BC,which affects the long-term outcome of the liver transplant,includes diseases of biliary stricture,biliary obstruction,biliary fistula,and many more that need an operation or interventional therapy.The occurrence of these diseases is related to the surgical operation,biliary tract variation,vessel injury,and quality of the donor graft.This article reviews BC and its etiology,diagnosis,and therapy in order to help future clinical and experimental studies.

Atomic absorption spectrometry was employed to determine the levels of 7 essential trace elements in the whole blood of 150 mainteinance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.And comparisons were made with the normal group of 200 participants in routine medical examination at the same time at our hospital.And among 7 indices,as compared with the control group,the blood levels of zinc,chromium,cobalt and manganese were significantly lower (P ＜ 0.05) while those of selenium and copper higher (P ＜ 0.05).MHD patients lacked essential trace elements to a varying extent.A clinician should pay attention to complementing essential trace elements to improve the patient's quality of life.

Objective To establish the rabbit brain death model,observe the change of liver function and morphology in the brain death rabbits,and evaluate the possibility of transplantation surgery carried out with brain death donor liver.Methods 40 healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into sham group (n=20) and brain death group (n=20),and each group was further divided into four subgroups according to 2,4,6 and 8 h after brain death.At the end of the experiment,the blood samples and liver tissues were collected.The level of alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST) and the apoptosis of liver cells were determined by automatic biochemistry analyzer and TUNEL method respectively.The morphology changes of liver were detected by HE staining,and the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-8,tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected by competitive inhibition ELISA.Results In 2,4,6 and 8 h group,the level of ALT and AST increased,especially in 8 h group,which were significantly different from 6 h group's.Under light microscope,there was no significant change in liver 2 and 4 h after brain death.However,in 8 h after brain death,liver cells degenerated significantly,liver cord structure disappeared,some liver cells necrosis,which was consistent with the results of apoptosis index.The levels of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α were obviously increased in a time dependent manner compared with sham group.Conclusions Brain death could lead to the damage of liver function and morphology and this injury aggravated with time,which might be relevant with the production of inflammatory mediators.8 h after brain death,there were obvious change in the liver function and morphology.