OBJECTIVE To investigate the usage of antibiotics in surgical department of Chest surgery in PLA General Hospital.METHODS The antibiotics usage status among 412 cases of patients during perioperative period was retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS The utilization of antibacterials took up to 100.00%.The average of treatment course was13.89 days,Aminoglycosides,cephalosporin and penicillins was the main kinds,single use accounted for 28.64%,the bigeminy for 35.93%,and trigeminy for 30.58%,the utilization with four or more kinds of drugs were 4.85%.The rational usage and irrational usage accounted for 64.57% and 35.43% respectively.CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should strengthen the management of antibiotics in perioperative period for rational use.

Whole brain radiation therapy has become the standard treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with brain metastasis,because it prolongs the survival times of NSCLC patients with brain metastases.The emergence of molecular targeted drugs is a major innovation in the traditional sense of the cancer treatment.Molecular targeted drugs have many advantages such as convenient dosing,rapid onset,improving the intracranial and extracranial tumor lesions at the same time,mild adverse reactions and good tolerance,which provide a new and better choice for the treatment of NSCLC patients with brain metastases.

A statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the publication status in medical research of Shandong province in 2013, based on papers covered in SCI-Expanded database, aimed to provide an objective assessment of the level of medical research in Shandong Province.Factors involved in the analysis including medical papers authored by researchers in Shandong province, numbers and types of publication, distribution of author's location, institution, type of periodical, and impact factor.

ObjectiveTo valuate the clinical effect of maintence of arteriovenous fistula by Songling Xuemaikang capsule.Methods40 cases were obtained from patients with chronic renal failure had received arterio-venous fistula operation,24 cases were observed with the combination treatment and 16 cases were served as control group,Hemorheology and difference value of vein diameter before and after treatment,blood flow of native arteivenous fistula and primary using time were observed.ResultsThe improvement degree of high shear rate and low shear rate were significantly as compared with that in the control group (P =0.000,P =0.001 ),while the blood flow after fistula maturation and ifference value of vein diameter were better than that in the control group( P =0.0356),primary using time between two groups were no significant differences ( P =0.056).ConclusionSonglinxuemaikang capsule was an effective drug for prevention high blood caogulation state,increasing blood flow of native arteivenous fistula,and enlargment vein diameter after arterio-venous fistula operation,which had certain value in clinical application.

Randomization is one of the four basic principles of research design. The meaning of randomization includes two aspects: one is to randomly select samples from the population, which is known as random sampling; the other is to randomly group all the samples, which is called randomized grouping. Randomized grouping can be subdivided into three categories: completely, stratified and dynamically randomized grouping. This article mainly introduces the steps of complete randomization, the definition of dynamic randomization and the realization of random sampling and grouping by SAS software.

The control principle is one of the four basic principles of research design. Without a control group, the conclusion of research will be unconvincing; furthermore, if the control group is not set properly, the conclusion will be unreliable. Generally, there is more than one control group in a multi-factor design. Problems like incomplete control and excessive control should be avoided. This article introduces the meaning and function of the control principle, common forms of control, common errors that researchers tend to make as well as analysis and differentiation of these errors.

The repetition principle is important in scientific research, because the observational indexes are random variables, which require a certain amount of samples to reveal their changing regularity. The repetition principle stabilizes the mean and the standard variation, so that statistics of the sample can well represent the parameters of the population. Thus, the statistical inference will be reliable. This article discussed the repetition principle from the perspective of common sense and specialty with examples.

The principles of balance, randomization, control and repetition, which are closely related, constitute the four principles of scientific research. The balance principle is the kernel of the four principles which runs through the other three. However, in scientific research, the balance principle is always overlooked. If the balance principle is not well performed, the research conclusion is easy to be denied, which may lead to the failure of the whole research. Therefore, it is essential to have a good command of the balance principle in scientific research. This article stresses the definition and function of the balance principle, the strategies and detailed measures to improve balance in scientific research, and the analysis of the common mistakes involving the use of the balance principle in scientific research.

Objective To investigate the effects of minute quantity of endogenous endotoxin originating from the lung on ventilator-induced lung injury in rats. Methods Thirty-two pathogen-free male adult SD rats weighing 370-390 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 8 each): group I spontaneous breathing (group C) ; group Ⅱ spontaneous breathing + IPS (group CL) ; group IE mechanical ventilation (group M) and group IV mechanical ventilation + LPS (group ML). The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 20% urethane 0.8 ml/100 g. Right common carotid artery and left femoral vein were cannulated for BP monitoring and fluid and drug administration. The animals were tracheostomized. In group CL and ML LPS 100μg /kg was instilled into trachea. In group M and ML the animals were mechanically ventilated (V_T 20 ml/kg, PEEP=0, I = E = 1:1). P_(ET) CO_2 was maintained at 35-45 nun Hg by adjusting respiratory rate. The animals were breathing or ventilated with room air,and ECG, BP, HR and P_(ET)CO_2 were continuously monitored. Blood gases were analyzed at the beginning and 1, 2 and 3 h of experiment. The animals were sacrificed at 3 h of experiment. The lungs were removed for microscopic examination. The pathological changes of the lung were scored (0 = normal,3 = severe change) . Wet/dry lung weight ratio was determined. The left lung was lavaged. The broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected. WBCs in BALF were counted. Pulmonary albumin permeability (PAP) (BALF protein concentration/plasma protein concentration) was determined. Plasma TNF-a and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) concentrations were detected with ELISA. The endotoxin receptor CD14 mRNA expression in lung tissue was determined by RT-PCR and the macrophage CD14 expression in BALF was determined by immuno histochemistry in group C and M. Results Wet/dry lung weight ratio and PAP were significantly higher in group ML than in group M and C. WBC count in BALF, the pathological score and plasma MIP-2 concentration were significantly higher in group M and ML than in group C and were significantly higher in group ML than in group M. TNF-a concentration was significantly higher in group CL and ML and was not detected in group C and M. CD14mRNA expression in the lung tissue and CD14 expression in BALF macrophage were significantly higher in group M than in group C. Conclusion Minute amount of endogenous endotoxin from the lung can aggravate ventilator-induced lung injury in rats. Mechanical ventilation with large tidal volume sensitizes the lung to LPS stimulation through up-regulation of CD14 exexpression.