Hepatitis B virus ( HBV) threatens human's health seriously, immune disorder is the main pathogenesis.HBV cannot naturally infect mouse liver, thus the researchers tried to established HBV mouse models to imitate the immunological pathogenesis of HBV infection.This review summarize various methods to establish HBV mouse models, including HBV transgenic technics, HBV in vivo liver-target transfection technics and HBV naturally infected humanized mouse technics etc.Their advantages, disadvantages and contributions to immunological studies were also analyzed, and the development of this area was also prospected.

In this study, the rapid resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry ( RRLC-QTOF/MS ) was used to profile the metabolites of urine samples from Childhood Pneumonia ( CP) patients and healthy controls and find the potential biomarkers which can support evidence to early diagnose and cure the disease. Choose 10 CP patients ( age 47. 72 ± 2. 35 months) and 10 healthy controls ( age 46 . 65 ± 1 . 97 months ) . The urine samples were analyzed by RRLC-QTOF/MS and then the resulting data matrices were analyzed by principal components analysis ( PCA ) to find the potential biomarkers. Urine samples of CP patients were successfully distinguished from those of healthy controls. A total of two significantly changed metabolites have been found and identified as potential biomarkers. It is suggested that the disorder of purine metabolism and amino acid metabolism may play an important role in the mechanism of CP.

Objective To investigate the effects of different cyclic tensile strains on the proliferation and expression of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)-cocultured human degenerated anulus fibrosus (AF) cells. Methods AF cells were isolated from a patient with degenerated intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD), which were co-cultured with BMSCs. The solely cultured AF cells were used as control group. The two groups of cells were expanded in monolayer, and cyclically strained for 3 hours, which were applied 0, 5%, 10%, 15%and 20%strains at a frequency of 0.25 Hz using BioDynamic test instrument. A flow cytometry method was used to examine the AF cell proliferation at 24 hours followed the application of cyclic tensile strains. After the total RNA was extracted, real-time PCR technology was used to detect the gene expression of collagenⅠand aggrecan. Results Under the same appropriate stress, the proliferative index (PI), the proportion of cells in the period of DNA synthesis, the expression of collagenⅠand aggrecan were significantly higher in the co-cultured group than those of control group (P<0.05). However, the best mechanical stimulation was different in the two groups. For the AF cells, the peaks of PI, the proportion of cells in the period of S period, the expression of collagenⅠand aggrecan were found in the 10% strain group, while for the co-cultured cells, they were found in the 15% strain group. Conclusion Co-culturing with BMSCs has a positive effect on the proliferation and expression of human degenerative fibrous ring cells, which can protect AF cells from bad stress stimulation.

After the current situation in medical information construction and the training of health information management undergraduates in Anhui Province were analyzed, suggestions were put forward, such as further strengthening the training of health information management professionals and establishing their positions in medical information construction, in terms of new student enrolment, offered curriculum, and graduate employment.

Objective To research the clinical application of split dorsal pedal flap for the repair of round-like soft tissue defect. Methods Design a long-strip dorsal pedal flap with slightly larger area than cutaneous deficiency,cut off the flap to the layer of superficial fascia along the suitable line degined in the middle of flap,and then rotate and reshape the split flap to resemble recipient area,and cover the wound surface based on pedical flap or free grafting;Meanwhile,donor area in dorsum of foot can be sutured directly.Results All the 5 cases of flap were survived,including one case which was free grafted and the others which were rotated locally, as well,donor area in dorsum of foot was satisfied because the cutting edge could be sutured directly. Conclusion It is a laudable modus operandi on account of beautiful outlook of both recipient and donor area.

Objective To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of aldosterone breakthrough during therapy with angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blockers (ARB) alone,or combined with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) in Chinese patients with non-diabetic nephropathy.Methods A total of 144 patients with non-diabetic nephropathy were treated with ARB or combination therapy of ACEI and ARB for a mean follow-up period of 12 months.Aldosterone breakthrough was determined according to the change of plasma aldosterone concentration before and after treatment during 6-month and 12-month ACEI/ARB treatment.Results In 6 months,aldosterone breakthrough occurred in 21 patients,corresponding to 14.58％,while in 12 months,occurred in 39 patients,corresponding to 27.08％.Although the overall urinary protein excretion (UPE) decreased after treatment in both groups (P＜0.05),non-breakthrough group had a more remarkable reduction in UPE (P＜0.05).Univariate Logistic regression demonstrated that risk factors of aldosterone breakthrough included pre-treatment values of UPE (OR=3.643,P=0.073) and eGFR (OR=0.980,P=0.025).Multivariate Logistic model revealed pre-treatment values of eGFR was positively associated with aldosterone breakthrough (OR=0.980,P=0.025).Conclusions The incidence of the aldosterone breakthrough increases with duration of treatment.The patients with aldosterone breathrough have higher level of UPE,and enhanced decline in eGFR.Pretreatment value of eGFR is independent risk factor of aldosterone breakthrough.

As the manual muscle testing is not sensitive enough to reflect the change of muscle strength, more and more people begin to use isokinetic dynamometry and handheld dynamometer for quantitative tests of muscle strength measurement. This paper briefly introduced the history of clinical approaches of muscle strength measurement, compared the advantages and disadvantages of various quantitative mus-cle strength testing, on which the specific techniques of clinical muscle strength measurement were discussed.

Objective: To observe the changes of choroidal capillary flow area (CBFA) and density in patients with idiopathic macular hole (IMH) before and after surgery. Methods: A prospective clinical study. Thirty patients (60 eyes) with unilateral IMH diagnosed in Department of Ophthalmology of The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from February 2017 to March 2018 and 30 age-and sex- matched normal controls were included in this study. All eyes were divided into group A (30 affected eyes), group B (30 fellow eyes) and group C (30 normal eyes of controls). Among 30 eyes in group A, there were 5, 14, 11 eyes with hole in stage Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, respecitvely. The eyes in group A were divided into two subgroups according to the diameter of the holes: group D: hole diameter less than or equal to 500 μm (11 eyes), group E: hole diameter over than 500 μm (19 eyes). All eyes in group A underwent vitrectomy. Spectral-domain OCT was used to observe the diameter size of macular hole and the closure of the hole after vitrectomy in eyes of group A. The CBFA and blood flow density of superficial choroidal capillaries were measured by OCT angiography before and 3 months after vitrectomy in groups A, B and C. Univariate analysis of variance and t test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Before surgery, in group A, B and C, the CBFA were 2.84±0.35, 3.19±0.23, 3.26±0.24 mm², the blood flow density were (20.74±8.26)%, (35.18±5.20)%, (35.20±6.49)%, respectively. The CBFA and blood flow density in group A were significantly lower than those in group B and C (F=19.768, 45.583; P = 0.000, 0.000), but there was no significant difference between group B and C (F=19.768, 45.583; P=0.332, 0.994). The CBFA and blood flow density in group D were higher than those in group E (t=2.230, 2.202; P=0.034, 0.036). The diameter of macular hole was negatively correlated with CBFA and blood flow density (r=-0.377, -0.477; P=0.044, 0.009). Three months after surgery, the macular holes in group A were closed; CBFA and blood flow density in macular area were significantly higher than before surgery (t=-4.126, -4.912; P=0.000, 0.000). Conclusions CBFA and blood flow density decreased in the macular area of IMH. CBFA and blood flow density can be recovered after vitrectomy.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the lower extremity deep vein thrombosis prevention in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods A total of 115 SCI patients in our department from April to May, 2015 were included. The clinical symptoms, lower limb deep vein ultrasonic testing, laboratory examination were collected to analyze the occurrence, prevention measures, the thrombus location and management of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in lower limbs. Results Forty-three patients had thromboprophylaxis in other hospitals before admission, and 105 patients in our department after admission, in which, nine cases were with clinical symptoms in other hospitals and three cases in our department. No pulmonary embolism occurred in them. There was no significant difference in most laboratory index-es between patients with DVT and without DVT in lower limbs (P>0.05). Five patients were with DVT in lower limbs in 43 patients who had thromboprophylaxis, and four cases in 72 patients who did not have thromboprophylaxis. No relationship was found between thrombo-prophylaxis and DVT in lower limbs (χ2=0.663, P=0.415). Five patients were with DVT in lower limbs in 53 patients with complete SCI, and four cases in 59 patients with incomplete SCI. No relationship was found between the severity of SCI and DVT in lower limbs in other hospitals (χ2=0.028, P=0.867). Conclusion DVT in lower limbs could be also occurred in patients who accepted thromboprophylaxis. Labo-ratory indexes are inadequate for the prediction and diagnosis specificity of DVT in lower limbs.

Study design Survey of expert opinion, feedback and final consensus. Objective To describe the development and the variables included in the International Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Spinal Interventions and Surgical Procedures Basic Data set. Setting International working group. Methods A committee of experts was established to select and define data elements. The data set was then disseminated to the appropriate committees and organizations for comments. All suggested revisions were considered and both the International Spinal Cord Society and the American Spinal Injury Association endorsed the final version. Results The data set consists of nine variables: (1) Intervention/ Procedure Date and start time (2) Non-surgical bed rest and external immobilization, (3) Spinal intervention-closed manipulation and/or reduction of spinal elements, (4) Surgical procedure-approach, (5) Date and time of the completion of the intervention or surgical closure; (6) Surgical procedure-open reduction, (7) Surgical procedure-direct decompression of neural elements, and (8 and 9) Surgical procedure- stabilization and fusion (spinal segment number and level). All variables are coded using numbers or characters. Each spinal intervention and procedure is coded (variables 1 through 7) and the spinal segment level is described (variables 8 and 9). Sample clinical cases were developed to illustrate how to complete it. Conclusion The International SCI Spinal Interventions and Surgical Procedures Basic Data Set was developed to facilitate comparisons of spinal interventions and surgical procedures among studies, centers and countries.