Inhibitors of differentiation(Id) are negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH) type transcription factor.There are four related members of the Id family called Id-1,Id-2,Id-3 and(Id-4) in mammalian cells.Since the identification of Id proteins in 1990,the roles of Id in cell proliferation,differentiation,development,maturation,apoptosis and tumorigenesis have been widely investigated.This article focuses on the role of Id in tumorigenesis.

Objective To investigate the advantages of emergent ureteroscopy for the treatment of acute obstructive renal failure resulted from upper ureteral calculi.Methods A total of 123 cases of acute renal failure caused by bilateral upper ureteral calculi was treated with ureteroscopic exploration,ballistic lithotripsy,catheter indwelling,and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.Results The serum BUN(blood urea nitrogen) and Cr(creatinine) were decreased to normal levels 2～10 days after operation in 100 cases(81.3%);the levels of Cr were maintained at 188.6～232.3 ?mol/L 10～15 days after operation in 22 cases.In 1 case of congenital solitary kidney(renal failure caused by chronic contralateral ureteral calculous obstruction),a hemodialysis was needed on the 3rd day after operation,and the serum Cr was 810 ?mol/L on the 15th day after operation and was dropped to normal after 2 months postoperatively.In 4 cases of previous unilateral nephrectomy or congenital solitary kidney,azotaemia remained at 3 months after operation.Conclusions Emergent ureteroscopy for acute renal failure caused by calculous obstruction possesses advantages of immediate obstruction relief,effective renal function protection,little trauma,low complication rate,and simple performance.

Objective To discuss the efficacy of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy(MPCNL) for residual or recurrent stones in the kidney or upper ureter after open surgery.Methods A total of 46 cases of residual or recurrent stones in the kidney or upper ureter after open surgery were included in the study.A pigtail catheter was inserted into the ureter transurethrally under ureteroscope to create an artificial hydronephrosis.Then a renal fistulization,usually on middle or upper calyx,was made.The stones were identified under ureteroscope,fragmented with a pneumatic ballistic lithotriptor,and extracted by using a grasping forceps.The renal fistulization tube was indwelled for drainage.Results The stones were completely removed on one session in 20 cases(43.4%),on two sessions in 15 cases(32.6%),and three in 8 cases(17.3%).Residual stones were seen in 3 cases(6.5%),with a size of 0.1 cm ? 0.1 cm ? 0.2 cm ～ 0.5 cm ? 0.5 cm ? 0.6 cm.Stones were removed through one working channel in 18 cases(39.1%),two channels in 20 cases(43.5%),and three channels in 8(17.4%).Conclusions The MPCNL is miuimally invasive and effective in the treatment of residual or recurrent stones after open surgery.

Objective To study the predictive value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) to perineonate mortality in early onset severe pre-eclampsia (EOSPE) pregnant women. Methods Seventy-five pregnant women with EOSPE (EOSPE group) and 75 pregnant women with gestational hypertension (control group) were selected. The serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2 and hs-CRP levels were detected. The data of perineonate death in EOSPE group were recorded, then the pregnant women were divided into death subgroup and survival subgroup. Results The hs-CRP, TNF-αand IL-2 levels in EOSPE group were significantly higher than those in control group:(7.2 ± 2.1) mg/L vs. (2.5 ± 1.0) mg/L, (28.9 ± 5.3) ng/L vs. (12.4 ± 3.5) ng/L and (134.3 ± 34.6) ng/L vs. (104.2 ± 28.5) ng/L, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). In EOSPE group, 18 perineonates died (death subgroup), and 57 perineonates were survival (survival subgroup). The hs-CRP in death subgroup was significantly higher than that in survival subgroup: (8.9 ± 1.3) mg/L vs. (7.1 ± 1.2) mg/L, and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). But there were no statistical differences in TNF-αand IL-2 between death subgroup and survival subgroup (P>0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis result showed that the best threshold of hs-CRP for predicting the perineonate mortality caused by EOSPE was 7.98 mg/L, and the area under the curve was 0.779 (95％CI 0.637 to 0.922), with a sensitivity of 0.83 and a specificity of 0.68. Conclusions Inflammatory reaction is involved in the pathophysiological process of EOSPE, and hs-CRP is a good index to predict perineonate death in EOSPE pregnant women.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the serum uric acid (SUA) levels and the short-term clinical outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.Methods Consecutive patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage admitted within 24 hours after onset were prospectively included.SUA levels was measured on the next morning after admission.Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to ascertain clinical outcome at 30 days.The patients were divided into a good outcome group (mRS＜2) and poor outcome group (mRS≥3).Results A total of 92 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were included,and 46 of them (50％) were men,the mean age was 63 ± 12 years.At 30 days after onset,22 patients (23.9％) had a good outcome and 70 patients (76.1％) had a poor outcome.Univariate analysis showed that the Glasgow Come Scale (GCS) score in the good outcome group was significantly higher than that in the poor outcome group (13.85 ± 2.80 vs.11.21 ± 2.51; t=4.186,P=0.000),while hematoma volume (25.65 ±5.33 cm3 vs.34.60± 8.97 cm3,t=4.430,P=0.000) and SUA levels (324.90± 86.02 μmol/L vs.458.63 ±72.77 μmol/L; t =7.193,P =0.000) were significantly lower than those in the poor outcome group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the lower GCS score (odds ratio [OR]1.810,95％ confidence interval [CI]1.382-2.382; P =0.001),larger hematoma volume (OR 1.156,95％ CI 1.045-1.280; P=0.005) and higher SUA levels (OR 2.127,95％ CI 1.055-4.287; P=0.035) were the independent predictive factors for the short-term clinical outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.Conclusions The increased SUA levels may predict the poor short-term clinical outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective To analyze and compare the incidence of cerebral vasospasm (CVS) in patients with aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage(aSAH) in China and in Europe.Methods A literature search was performed for all the papers investigating the incidence,diagnosis, treatment or prognosis of CVS after aSAH using the MEDLINE and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI) from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2010.The incidences of angiographic CVS, symptomatic CVS and CVS-related infarcts were recorded.The incidences of CVS between Chinese and white men in Europe were compared. Results A total of 237 articles were searched via CNKI and reference reviews, and 9 of the studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 172 articles were searched via MEDLINE and reference reviews, and 18 of the studies met the inclusion criteria. The risk of occurring symptomatic CVS in patients with aSAH in Chinese was significantly higher than that in white men in Europe (relative risk,2. 063, 95％ confidence interval 1.816-2. 343, P ＜0. 001). Conclusions The incidence of CVS in patients with aSAH in Chinese was significantly higher than that in white men in Europe,indicating the pathogenesis of CVS may have genetic basis.

Template direct dye-terminator incorporation with fluorescence-polarization (TDI-FP assay) is a technology for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To apply this method in analyses of A647G variation in human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E7 gene from HPV 16-positive cervical tissues, a total of 91 and 49 HPV 16-positive DNA samples obtained from women with cervical cancer and normal/inflamed cervices living in Shaanxi in northwest China were subjected to the partial E7 gene PCR with nucleotide (nt) 647 in the products. Then, the oligonucleotide probe designed to anneal immediately to nt 647 was hybridized to the template within the PCR amplicons, and extended specifically by TAMRA-ddTTP or R110-ddCTP directed by the base at nt 647. The increasing FP values were read and the base at nt 647 was identified. The prevalence of nt 647 A→G was 35.71% (50/140). The variation 647G detected in 42.86% (39/91) of women with cervical cancer was significantly higher than 22.45% (11/49) detected in those with normal/inflamed cervices (x2 = 5.778, P = 0.016). The odds ratio (OR) between these two groups was 2.59 (95% confidence interval=l.17～5.71). The results demonstrate that TDI-FP method can be potentially applied in analysis of interest point mutations in HPVs. The incidence and risk implication of HPV 16 A647G variant infection in Shaanxi, China, displays significant geographic difference from other areas. The HPV 16 with E7 gene A647G point mutation appears to have a higher risk for invasive cervical cancer in women living in Shaanxi.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the cognition of medical staff for adverse drug reactions(ADR). METHODS:A questionnaire survey was conducted on the spot among the physicians,nurses and pharmacists with different profes-sional titles in our hospital to investigate their cognition about ADR concept,their judgment for ADR and ADR reporting,and the results were analyzed by statistical methods. RESULTS:Totally 452 questionnaires were sent out,and 439 were effectively re-ceived,with effective rate of 97.12%. In terms of correct cognition rate about ADR basic concept and the main reasons,the sur-veyed pharmacists were higher than physicians and nurses,the senior professional titles of surveyed pharmacists were higher than the intermediate and junior,the pharmacists with senior professional titles were the highest and the junior were the lowest,the dif-ferences were statistically significant(P<0.05);in terms of the proportion of certain for ADR judgment,the surveyed nurses were lower than pharmacists and physicians,the surveyed physicians with senior and intermediate professional titles were higher the ju-nior,the surveyed nurses with intermediate titles were higher than the junior,the surveyed pharmacists with senior professional ti-tles were higher than the intermediate and the junior,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);in terms of cognition about ADR reporting,the surveyed pharmacists were the highest and the nurses were the lowest,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05),while in terms of the proportion of knowing ADR reporting timing limit,reporting procedures and depart-ments,the surveyed pharmacists and physicians with junior professional titles were lower than the senior and intermediate,the dif-ferences were statistically significant(P<0.05);in terms of reasons for missed ADR reporting,the proportion of consideration of the risk of causing medical disputes for doctors of the surveyed physicians was higher than pharmacists and nurses,while the sur-veyed nurses showed higher proportion for doing not understand reporting procedures,doing not reporting,thinking ADR reporting was dispensable and uncertain for ADR identification,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Medical staff with different professional titles and occupations have different cognition about ADR basic concept,judgment and re-porting,the pharmacist are relatively good,followed by the physician and nurse,especially the nurse,and the medical staff with junior professional titles are relatively poor. It is necessary to strengthen ADR education and training for them,play professional ad-vantages from the pharmacist and optimize ADR reporting procedures to improve the reporting rate and quality of ADR.

Objective To take Ebola virus disease (EVD) as an example and analyze the capability of responding to emerging infectious diseases among medical university students in Chongqing city.Methods Medical university students of 2 094 in Chongqing were selected and investigated by cluster sampling.Questionnaire content includes social demographic information,knowledge,attitude,practice (KAP) and related factors about EVD.The variables of the respondents were described using mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and frequency distributions for categorical variables.Influencing factors were analyzed by using multiple-linear regression model.Results The average scores of KAP regarding EVD were 9.51 ±-3.97,5.93± 1.85,3.35 ±1.43,respectively.Multiple-linear regression analysis showed that the influencing factors of KAP regarding EVD were gender (x2 =0.773,P=0.000),residence (x2 =0.886,P=0.014) and health habits (x2 =0.316,P=0.008);gender (x2 =0.474,P=0.000),grade (x2 =0.118,P=0.024),residence (x2 =0.401,P=0.016) and health habits (x2 =0.307,P=0.000);gender (x2 =0.223,P=0.001),major (x2 =0.152,P=0.000) and health habits (x2 =0.231,P=0.000).Conclusion The capability of responding to emerging infectious diseases is not optimistic among medical university students.Medical universities should perform effective intervention according to the characters of different clusters.