Radioactive seed interstitial implanting is a complementary method for surgery or radiotherapy and also a remedy for postsurgical carcinoma recurrence in head and neck neoplasms. These seeds with unique advantages of physics and radiation biology offer a new effective method for head and neck cancer therapy.

Current treatment strategies for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcino-ma(HNSCC)include palliative chemotherapy and anti-EGFR targeted agents.Angiogenesis is crucial both for the growth of a primary tumor and the development of distant metastasis.Therefore,the angiogenesis factors and their receptors become the targets of therapeutic agents.Current anti-angiogenesis drugs achieve the purpose of treatment mainly by blocking VEGF-VEGFR pathways.And it gets certain effects in clinical trials for the treat-ment of HNSCC.Anti-angiogenesis therapy will provide more choices for treating HNSCC.

Radiotherapy is an important means for curing nasopharyngeal carcinoma at present.Howev-er,how to handle the focus residual,relapse and metastasis after the radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is still a hot potato.125 I seed implantation is regarded as a member of the comprehensive therapies.Its feasibili-ty for curing such cancer has already been confirmed in the experimental research of the cytology and zoology, and it has been applied in the focus residual,relapse and metastasis after the radiotherapy.Furthermore,its clinical therapy effect has been acknowledged.

Although radiotherapy is still the preferred treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the curative effect is satisfactory at present,but it is hard to avoid the recurrence in a part of patients after active treatment.The therapies for patients with recurrence have certein difficulty.In recent years,the salvage treatments such as modern radiotherapy,chemotherapy and surgery for the patients with recurrence are used and the clinical effects are accepted.

Research of oncogenes related to thyroid cancer has an important significance to reveal pathogenesis and identify benign and malignant lesions.At the mean time,these genes are helpful to find the reliable and feasible detection means of early diagnosis for thyroid cancer.

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous non-coding RNA which found in eukaryotes and has regulatory function.Its size is about 20 to 25 nucleotides.Recent studies found that miRNA is closly related to the EBV,LMP1,signal transduction pathway,tumor-associated gene network,cell mitosis,tumor angiogenesis,tumor invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal.Therefore,studing the relationship between miRNA and nasopharyngeal will help to deepen the understanding of its pathogenesis,and also will provide new inspiration and basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Tumor cell proliferation activity is related with tumor biological behavior. PCNA (proliferating cell unclear antigen, PCNA) is a kind of histone nucleoprotein, is associated with cell proliferation and DNA synthesis,can reflect the degree of cell proliferation and cycle period, it is as a cell proliferation activity indicator, has been widely used in a variety of tumor research,the expression of PCNA in common head and neck tumor can be used as the biological behaviour and prognosis judgement.

Tumor immune evasion is a hallmark of cancer.There are many mechanisms of tumor escape,which mainly include the direct immune escape of tumor and tumor microenvironment mediated immune escape.Recent studies have shown that the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its tumor cells are closely related to the immune escape.The direct immune escape of tumor which is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma including the expression decreased or absent of the major histocompatibility complex-Ⅰ on the surface of tumor cell,the lack of costimulatory molecules of tumor and the Fas/FasL system mediated immune escape.And the tumor microenvironment mediated immune escape which is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma including the immunosuppressive molecule and the immunosuppressive cells of tumor.Researches on the mechanisms of tumor immune evasion can provide new target for treatment and prevention of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Objective To study pathogenesis role of CD28:CTLA4/B7 costimulatory molecules in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis(EAMG). Methods Female lewis rats were divided into EAMG group and control group. The rats were immunized thrice with R?97-116 peptide in EAMG group, or only with phosphate buffer saline(PBS) in control group. 5 d after the third immunization, the expressions of CD28,CTLA4,B7-1, B7-2 on the surface of peripheral blood cells, lymphocytes and monocytes were exaimed by flow cytometry. Results In EAMG group,the achievement ratio of EAMG model was 75%; the expressions of CD28,CTLA4,B7-1, B7-2 on the surface of peripheral blood cells were significantly increased than those in control group (P

Animal models are highly valuable systems that have been extensively used to elucidate human disease pathogenesis and to find therapeutic ways to treat human diseases .Since non-human primates are close to humans,monkeys are important model species in exploring the mechanisms and treatment of human neurodegenerative diseases , neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive function, and neural circuits.However, due to the lack of embryonic stem cell lines in large animals, the traditional gene targeting technology is difficult to establish primate animal models of human diseases . CRISPR/Cas9, as a recently developed tool for genome modifications , has been successfully used to target genomic loci in mouse, rat, monkey, and other species.Here, we discuss the utilization of CRISPR /Cas9 technology in establishing monkey models for studying human neurodegenerative diseases .