Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/ PD) modelling plays more and more important role in the study of pharmacology. This paper recommends some new research progress including PK models, PD models, four basic attributes of PK/PD model, population PK/PD model , physiological PK/PD model, and some questions aboututilization of Sheiner effect compartment model.

Manned space environmental simulation technology is a very important branch of Space Medico-Engineering.After introducing the principles and methods of manned space environmental simulation technology,the current development of artificial atmosphere environment,space environment,dynamic environment,weightlessness environment and products of manned space environmental simulation technology were reviewed.

Objective To research the pathogenies' types and analyze the antibacterial drug' s using rationality from the children with acute respiratory infection,our study were generated by pediatric department from the hospital lasting 2 years.Methods A total of 93 pediatric patients with acute respiratory infection admitted from December 1,2010 through November 30,2012 were enrolled into study.The throat swabs from 93 patients were sent to the Beijing Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC) to identify the influenza virus,syncytial virus and mycoplasma with rapid nucleic acid test.The specimens of sputum from hospitalized patients were sent to the hospital bacterial laboratory for bacteria culture.With the Children Drug Utilization Index (cDUI),the rationality of using antibiotics was estimated.The database was established by using SPSS version 18.0 software and the data were analyzed to determine the statistical distinction among the percentage by the Chi square test (P ＜ 0.05).Results Of them,70.96％ pediatric patients were below 3 years old (excluding newborns).Of them,62.36％ patients had positive findings of viral infection.The predominant viruses of respiratory infection were syncytial virus accounting for 30.43％,the influenza viruses 24.63％ and the para-influenza virus 10.14％.The patients with positive results in vital test were more vulnerable to lower respiratory infection than those with negative results.The pneumonia patients with positive finding of syncytial virus accounted for 85.71％ (18 patients) in which the median cDUI was 1.30.The antibiotics were given to 28 pneumonia patients with positive virus test,in which the median cDUI was 1.05.Of 28 pneumonia patients,4 (16％) had positive bacteria growth in sputum cultures,and 4 cases (16％) had positive bacteria growth in blood cultures.Conclusions In the district of hospital,the lower respiratory infection was usually caused by viruses.Therefore,antibiotics should not be given in patients without evidence of bacterial infection.It is a irrational strategy to use antibiotics in those patients when the Children Drug Utilization Index is high (＞ 1.0).It is paramount important to notice that the percentage of positive bacteria growth in sputum cultures is usually not high because the antibiotics are given by OPD physicians before hospitalization of patients with bacterial infections in the acute respiratory illness.

Objective:To analyze the probability of breast cancer with skin involvement and discuss the extent of removal of skin.Methods:Skin of the tumor surface was examined by series section in 40 cases of breast cancer.Results:Of the 40 patients,except 1 Paget disease,none of the rest was confirmed with skin involvement.The rate of skin involvement was 2.5%.Conclusion:If there are no abnormal clinical manifestation in skin,the extent of removal of skin shall not be enlarged and subcutaneous mastectomy with skin preservation can be accepted for early stage breast cancer.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic significance of microalbuminuria combined BNP for cardiorenal syndrome. Methods Selected 45 patients with cardiorenal syndrome from August 2011 to February 2014 in the Exhibition Road, Xicheng District hospital in Beijing as the observation group,choose the 45 cases of healthy people at same period in the Ex-hibition Road,Xicheng District hospital in Beijing as the control group,two groups were carried out ultrasound and urine,he-matological tested,while the clinical data were investigated.Results The aortic root diameter,left atrial diameter and septal thickness of the observation group were significantly higher (P <0.05),while the right ventricular diameter and left ventric-ular ejection fraction compared in the two groups were no significant difference.The urea nitrogen,creatinine,brain natri-uretic peptide and microalbuminuria contents in the observation group were significantly higher (P <0.05).Multivariate lo-gistic regression analysis showed that the main independent risk factors for cardiorenal syndrome included brain natriuretic peptide,microalbuminuria,aortic root diameter and blood urea nitrogen (P <0.05).Conclusion The diagnosis of microalbu-minuria combined BNP for cardiorenal syndrome has better diagnostic value that can effectively determine the disease status, and there were independent risk factors for cardiorenal syndrome.

Objective To make sure the proper time when using self-designed hemostatic belt to press vein after mainline. Methods Divide the subjects into 8 groups, using different pressing time to different group, and then observe the condition of petechia. Results There are significant differences in the different groups about the condition of petechia, P

BACKGROUND: Experiments have demonstrated that exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) promotes the growth and survival of skeletal muscle satellite cells, and endogenous bFGF also has obvious effect on muscular repair.But whether bFGF gene transfection has the same effect on extraocular muscle satellite cells is unclear.OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of bFGF gene transfection on the bio-behavior of rat extraocular muscle satellite cells.DESIGN: Single sample observation.SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao University Medical College.MATERIALS: Primary rat extraocular muscle satellite cells were cultured (purity ＞ 90%). Human PEGFP-N3-bFGF eukaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed (reported in other papers).METHODS: This study was carried out in the Central Laboratory of Qingdao University Medical College between September 2005 and December 2006. Experimental intervention and grouping: During the experiment, 3 groups were divided: Experimental group, in which, recombinant PEGFP-N3-bFGF was used for transfection; Control group A, in which, empty-load PEGFP-N3 was used for transfection; Control group B: in which, only F 10 medium (0.1 volume fraction of fetal bovine serum)was used for transfection. Recombinant PEGFP-N3-bFGF plasmid was used to transfect rat extraocular muscle satellite cells cultured in vitro by liposome-mediated transgenic technology. Experimental evaluation: bFGF expression was observed by immubohistochemical method; Transfection efficiency was detected with fluorescence microscope; The protein secretion of bFGF of satellite cells in each group was detected by SBC-ELISA method on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 9th, 11th, 13th, 15th, 21st and 28th days of culture; The proliferation of rat extraocular muscle satellite cells in each group was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) method; Creatine kinase (CK) activity of cells in each group was determined according to the A value of some standard whose concentration was known.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Transfection efficiency of bFGF gene to rat extraocular muscle satellite cells cultured in vitro and bFGF gene expression after transfection; ②bFGF protein secretion after transfection, and effect of bFGF gene transfection on the growth and proliferation of extraocular muscle satellite cells.RESULTS: ① Transfection efficiency of bFGF gene to rat extraocular muscle satellite cells cultured in vitrowas (42.8±1.2)%. ② Immunohistochemical detection showed positive reaction. ②Transfected cells could secrete bFGF protein,which was the highest on the 5th day (662.935 ng/L). ④ The proliferation activity of transfected cells was obviously enhanced, and its A value was significantly higher than that of control group at the same time point (P ＜ 0.05). ⑤CK value was higher than that of the control group from the 5th day after transfection to the end (P ＜ 0.01).CONCLUSION: bFGF gene transfering into rat extraocular muscle satellite cells can make extraocular muscle satellite cells to secrete bFGF, promote cell proliferation, survival and differentiation.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of sodium butyrate on brain injury induced by pneumolysin of infantile rats.Methods Ninety-six normal healthy 1-month-old Spragne-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups,including pneumolysin (PLY) group (n =32),in which rat was injected PLY via external carotid; Normal saline (NS) group (n =32),injected NS via external carotid; sodium butyrate (SB) group (n =32),after injecting PLY,immediately administrated SB via venous.In the injection the 24th h and 48th h,superior vena cava blood was taken,and the animals were sacrificed,and brain tissue samples were prepared.The brain water content (BWC) was recorded by measuring both wet and dry weight,the Evans blue (EB) level was measured by the formamide method.The serum levels of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results In PLY group,brain tissue BWC,EB level,and the blood level of HMGB1 and NF-κB were increased significantly compared with the NS group at each time point,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).These indices were lower in the SB group compared with PLY group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The positive correlation was gotten between HMGB1 and NF-κB,BWC,EB levels in the PLY group and SB group (r =0.817 ～0.917,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions SB has neuroprotective effect in brain injury induced by PLY,which maybe relevant to inhibition of NF-κB activation and suppression of HMGB1 expression.

Objective To explore the effect of applying Case-based study (CBS) in combina-tion with Reference-induced self education (RISE) in clinical teaching of Digestive endoscope diag-nostics. Method One hundred and twenty undergraduates in Grade 2012 of clinical imaging speciality of Beihua University were selected as the objects of study and classified at random into experiment group (60 students) and control group (60 students), In the course of teaching, the traditional LBL study and CBS-RISE study were separately employed, and examined through theoretical assessment in combination with case analysis, and the teaching effect in experiment group students was also evaluated through examination paper. SPSS 16.0 statistic soft ware was employed for data treatment and analysis, t test was used for quantity data and expressed as x±s, and x2 test for number counting data, and P<0.05 as the statistical significant difference. Results In experiment group, the total result, and the results of theoretical examination and case analysis were all superior to the control group, and the dif-ference between two groups exhibited statistical significance (P values respectively 0.008, 0.017 and 0.021). The excellent and good rate of the experimental group's theory examination score was 70%, which was higher than that of the control group (48.3%). The excellent and good rate of the experimen-tal group in the case analysis of examination results was 63.3%, higher than that of the control group (43.3%), and the difference was statistically significant (P values respectively 0.016 and 0.028). The students in experimental group showed better degree of satisfaction to the teaching model of CBS-RISE. In general, they considered that the CBS-RISE model could stimulate the learning interest of students, enhance the ability of analyzing and solving problems, deepen the understanding of knowl-edge, train a better clinical thinking model, and also develop a cooperative group idea. Conclusions CBS-RISE teaching model is feasible in the application of teaching in digestive endoscope diagnostics, and beneficial to the training of self learning ability and clinical consideration, deserving populariza-tion.

Objective To observe the effect of panax notoginseng saponins on pulmonary artery pathology in chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertensionp (HPH) rats models, discuss the role and possible mechanisms of panax notoginseng saponins in prevention of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups (n =10).Group C: control group;Group H: rats were treated with hypoxia only;Group HC: rats were treated with hypoxia and captopril;and Group HP: rats were treated with hypoxia and panax notoginseng saponins.To observe the effect of panax notoginseng saponins prophylactic treatment in chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension rats,after the establishment of the model of hypoxic rat animal pulmonary hypertension models, transthoracic direct pulmonary artery intubation was measured in rat pulmonary arterial systolic pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure, at the end of separation and cut for pulmonary artery to observe the pathological changes of pulmonary artery, results were recorded and statistically analyzed.Results (1)Transthoracic direct pulmonary artery intubation was measured in rat pulmonary arterial systolic pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure: pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) were significantly higher in Group H than in Group C (P ＜ 0.05), Group HP was no significant difference relative to Group C.(2)Pathological section shew that the primary pathological change of group H is vascular intimal hyperplasia and the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, medial hypertrophy, extracellular matrix increased, thickening of the vessel wall and the vascular stenos.Conclusions Panax notoginseng saponins inhibit the formation of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats,and have the effect of prevention and treatment of pulmonary hypertension.