The paper discusses the difference in postgraduate training between China and the United States,intending to supply some advanced experiences for Chinese postgraduate education reform.

Some hormones and glucocorticoid in chronic strss feedback are demonstrated to have significant effects on cancer progression.Recently,as a typical neuropeptide,gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) could mediate chronic stress to promote carcinogenesis through four conceivable mechanisms,such as regulating circadian rhythms,suppressing immunity system,acting as a mitogenic effect and mediating cancer-related psychiatric disorders,et al.

To investigate the mechanism of Xiefei Dingchuan injection (XFDCI,泻肺定喘注射液) in treating pulmonary hypertension by means of measuring the activity of Ca2＋Mg2＋ ATPase and Na＋K＋ATPase of red blood cell(RBC) membrane.Methods:The pulmonary hypertension models induced by monocrotaline in 18 rats were established then treated with XFDCI.Using cardiac catheter and chromatometry respectively the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and the activities of Ca2＋Mg2＋ATPase and Na＋K＋ATPase of RBC membrane were measured.Results:The activities of Ca2＋Mg2＋ATPase and Na＋K＋ATPase of RBC membrane in XFDCI group were obviously higher than those in pulmonary hypertension group.Conclusions:XFDCI is able to reduce the pulmonary hypertension and its mechanisms may be related to increasing the activities of Ca2＋Mg2＋ATPase and Na＋K＋ATPase of RBC membrane.

Objective To discuss the clinical manifestations and imaging diagnostic value of tuberous sclerosis accompanied by multi-organ injuries.Methods 2 cases in our hospital and 27 cases of tuberous sclerosis from the published reports were collected.The clinical manifestations and imaging features as well as the extent and type of multi-organ lesion were analyzed.Results Among the 29 patients,17 were male and 12 were female.The averaged age was 16.8.The clinical manifestations included:with family history in 6 , epilepsies in 25 (15 with mental retardation),symmetric angiofibroma in the face in 22 (3 with similar changes in the else body surface),fibromas beneath toenail or fingernail in 4, hyperdactylia of thumb in 2 and abdominal masses in 7 (4 with hematuria), tuberous scleroses beneath ependymal layer in 27,17 patients with kidney diseases,9 involved liver,5 involved spleen.Conclusion Multiple organs can be involved by tuberous sclerosis.The calcification of ependymal lyer and harmatoma of kidney are the most valuable in imaging diagnosis of the disease.

Objective To study basic thyroid stimulating hormone (bTSH) levels impact on outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in Qinghai.Methods Totally 282 cases with IVF cycles and 93 cases with ICSI cycles were studied prospectively,according to bTSH level,patients were divided into four groups.Reproduction rate,clinical pregnancy rate,miscarriage rate and live birth rate were studied among four groups.Results (1) In 375 cases with IVF/ICSI cycles,bTSH was positively correlated with abortion rate (r=0.42,P=0.04),but live birth rate and growing rate showed negative correlations with bTSH (r=-0.42,-0.28; P=0.04,0.03).bTSH and the number of eggs,the number of fertilized eggs,the number of embryos,biochemical pregnancy rate,and clinical pregnancy rate were no significant correlation (all P＞0.05).(2) Among women at group of ≤1.7,＞1.7 and ≤2.5,＞2.5 and ≤3.5,＞3.5 mU/L,the implantation rates were 28.7％,27.3％,37.7％ and 19.2％,live birth rates were 80.9％,75.0％,82.7％,and 59.8％,abortion rates were 19.0％,15.0％,16.7％,40.1％; they all showed significant difference (all P＜0.05).Abortion rate in women with high bTSH level was higher than that of women with lower bTSH level,however implantation rate,live birth rate in women with high bTSH level were lower.Conclusion When bTSH level is ＞3.5 mU/L,the abortion rate were increased,but live birth rate,rate of implantation were decreased.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics for new detecting cases of leprosy in 2012, in Yunnan Province, and provide clue and foundation for prevention and treatment in leprosy control. Methods The date of diagnosed leprosy patients in 2012 in Yunnan Province were collected and analyzed by disease reporting information system. Results 230 new cases were founded in 2012, and the discovery rate was 0.50/100 000. 4.35% of new cases were children, 64.35% of new cases were MB and 19.57% had grade 2 disability. 17 recurrent cases were founded in 2012,and 6 of them had received MDT. By the end of 2012, there were still 1084 present case in Yunnan Province,the prevalence rate was 0.24/10 000,and 485 of them need MDT. Conclusion The prevalence of leprosy was decreased,and the prevalence varies a lot in different regions. Honghe and Wenshan are still the focus regions. Leprosy is still a serious public health and social problem in Yunnan Province. In order to reduce the burden of leprosy and eliminate the leprosy danger, long-term financing investment and prevention are still needed.

Objective To investigate the electrophysiological and morphological properties of the single ventral neuron in the medial geniculate body (MGBv) in rats. Methods The basic electrophysiological properties and action potentials at different levels of membrane potentials were recorded by whole cell patch clamp technique. Morphological properties of ventral neurons in the medial geniculate body were studied by biocytin staining. Results Nissl and biocytin stainings indicated that MGBv neurons were composed of oval shaped cell bodies, and the dendritic branches were tufted. In current clamp recordings, the resting membrane potential was (-54.92?10.85) mV, the input resistance (945.67?507.80) M?, the membrane capacitance (5.37?1.98) pF, and the time constant (2 109 87 ?2 496 01) ?s. Action potentials under different current inputs were various. Spontaneous discharge could be recorded by voltage clamp and current clamp. Conclusion MGBv dendritic trees are fairly dense with bushy tufted neurons and variety of action potentials under different current inputs in ventral neurons of the medial geniculate body. Spontaneous activities recorded by current clamp are similar to the action potential, which may be the spontaneous action potential due to the exceeding of membrane potential over liminal value.

Objective:To explore the influencing factors of working enthusiasm among public hospital medical staff in underdeveloped areas.Methods:With the method of stratified sampling,a questionnaire survey was conducted among 310 public hospital medical staff.The influencing factors of working enthusiasm were analyzed using the method of factor analysis and Ordinal Logistic model.Results:From the 14 incentives,we extracted three common factors including relationship development,living,and leisure.After the analysis of Ordinal Logistic model,it showed that the main influencing factors of the enthusiasm were the relationship development,leisure and hospital grade.Conclusion:It should put medical staff member leave system into effect to create a good atmosphere for relationships,and provide a reasonable space for promotion to enhance the enthusiasm of medical staff.

Objective To explore the clinical effect and safety of methimazole combined with 131I in treatment of hyperthyroidism.Methods Patients (83 cases) with hyperthyroidism accepted in Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated San Er Ling Yi Hospital from June 2012 to June 2015 were selected and divided into observation group with 42 cases and control group with 41 cases.Patients in observation group were given methimazole combined with 131I,and patients in control group were given PTU combined with 131I.Then the clinical effect,thyroid gland serological indexes,adverse reations,and reoccurrence rates of two groups were observed and compared.Results The total clinical efficacy of observation group was 95.24％,which was obviously higher than 70.73％ of control group with statistically significance (P ＜ 0.05).TSH was getting higher after treatment of two groups,and T3,T4,FT3,FT4,TRAb,and TPOAb were getting lower after treatment of two groups.And TSH in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group,T3,T4,FT3,and FT4 were significantly lower than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The adverse reaction rate of observation group (14.29％) was obviously lower than that of control group (46.34％) with statistically significance (P ＜ 0.05).The reoccurrence rate of observation group (4.76％) was obviously lower than that of control group (26.83％) with statistically significance(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Methimazole combined with 131I has good effect and safety in treatment of hyperthyroidism,which is worth of clinical application.

Objective To review and summarize the effects of interventional treatment of hand arteriovenous malformation in 5 cases.Methods Through catheterization of brachial artery ipsilaterally the blood-supply artery of arteriovenous malformation was embolized,using high-temperaure managed gelatin sponge,silk thread,pingyangmycine and spring coil.Results Total 13 blood-supply arteries in 5 cases were embolized with successful rate of 100%,including 1 case of complex malformation under effectively controlled,3 cases cured clinically and 1 case still awaiting observation.Conclusions Transcatheter arterial embolization for the treatment of hand arteriovenous malformation is safe,effective and high successful.(J Intervent Radiol,2007,16:277-279)