Objective To investigate the effect of estrogen on the pain score,c-Fos and substance P expressions in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the mice following formalin stimulation.Methods Fifteen C57/BL6 mice were randomized to 3 groups: control group(intact mice without estrogen treatment),OVX+V group(ovariectomized mice given vehicle) and OVX+E group(ovariectomized mice with subcutaneous injection of 2 ?g/d 17?-estradiol for 10 d).Pain score was used to assay the role of estrogen in affecting pain threshold in the mice following formalin injected into the right hind paw,and expressions of c-Fos and substance P in the dorsal horn of spinal cord(L3 to L5) in 2 h after injection of formalin was tested with immunohistochemisty to evaluate neuron activity and pain afferent fibers.Results Pain score was increased in ovariectomized mice following formalin stimulation,which was inhibited by estrogen especially in the early stage of secondary phase.The number of c-Fos-like immunoreactivity neuron(FLIN,P

Objective To investigate the possible influence of immunosuppressive therapy,including sirolimus (SRL) and calcineurin inhibitors (CNI, tacrolimus), on level of Treg in the liver allo-graft recipients, Methods Forty-seven liver transplant recipients with stable liver function were assessed for at least 2 years, and divided into two groups: one composed of 15 patients receiving SRL,and another, of those receiving CNI (32 patients with tacrolimus). Thirty-eight age-matched healthy subjects (HS) were used as normal controls. We examined the expression of CD4, CD25, and Foxp3 in peripheral blood monouclear cells. Treg of every group was analyzed using Cell Quest software.Results SRL significantly increased the prevalence of CD4+ CD25high T cells, compared with HS and CNI group. The prevalence of CD4+ CD25high T cells of CNIs group was significantly lower than that of HS. The percentage of CD4+ CD25high T cells in the total CD4+ T cells was 1.88 % (1.56 %-2. 60 %), 1. 15 % (0. 57 %-l. 48 %) and 0. 84 % (0. 46 %-1. 45 %) in SRL, NS and CNI group,respectively (P<0. 01 or P<0. 05). Foxp3 was expressed in more than 95 % of CD4 + CD25high T cells and less than 20 % of CD4+ CD25low T cells, whereas not expressed in CD4+ CD25- T cells.Conclusion Different immunosuppressive therapy (SRL or CNI) might have different roles in tolerance induction in liver transplant recipients. Namely, SRL promoted the induction of allo-antigen tolerance, but CNI hampered the progression.

Objective To isolate,purify and identify pancreatic duct derived stem cells (PDSCs) from the pancreatic duct of rats,and culture in the three-dimension cell culture system.Methods Adult male Wistar rats underwent perfusion with collagenase V via the pancreatic duct,then the pancreas was surgically procured,digested,followed by discontinued density gradient centrifuge to isolate ductal tissue from islets.The acinar and ductal tissue was cultivated in serumcontaining medium in the three-dimension cell culture to obtain adherent cells,as PDSCs,which were expanded by consecutive passages.The morphology and characterization of PDSCs on phenotype were examined.Results PDSCs could be obtained through in situ collagenase V digestion,discontinued density gradient centrifuge,and culture in the three dimension cell culture system.Morphologically,PDSCs had remarkable size,most with one nucleus.PDSCs grew in many layers in three-dimension cell culture system.PDSCs was revealed to express CD29,CD73,CD90,CD105,but not CD14,CD19,CD34,CD45 by FACS,in agreement with MSCs.Conclusion PDSCs of rats could be obtained through in situ collagenase V digestion,discontinued density gradient centrifuge,and culture in the three-dimension cell culture system.PDSCs lines were successfully established.

The measurement of portal vein pressure (PVP) is important for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis.Aims: To investigate a non-invasive method for evaluating PVP in model of liver cirrhosis in rats.Methods: Liver cirrhosis model in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection with thioacetamide.Magnetic resonance imaging with TOF sequence was used to measure portal vein diameter (PVD).PVP was detected directly by transvenous catheterization of portal vein.Body weight, liver weight, spleen weight, liver volume and spleen volume were determined.The hydroxyproline content in liver was determined by alkaline hydrolysis assay, proportion of collagen area in liver was detected by Sirius red staining.Results: Liver cirrhosis model in rats was successfully established after intraperitoneal injection for 20 weeks.Compared with control group, mean PVP, liver weight, liver volume, spleen weight, PVD, liver volume/body weight (LV/BW) ratio, spleen volume/body weight (SV/BW) ratio, hydroxyproline content and proportion of collagen area were significantly increased in model group (P<0.05), and body weight was significantly decreased (P<0.001).PVP was positively correlated with LV/BW ratio and proportion of collagen area (P<0.05).Conclusions: LV/BW and proportion of collagen area can indirectly reflect the PVP, and may provide a non-invasive approach for evaluation of portal hypertension.

Objective To evaluate intraoporative ultrasonography (IOUS) of liver tumors. Methods In this study, 45 patients with liver tumors were examined by the IOUS(Logiq 500 scanner with a dedicated 5 ～ 7.5 MHz linear-array intraoperative transducer), and the results of IOUS were compared with those of preoperative ultrasonography (PHILIPS HDI 5000 scanner with a 3.5 ～ 5 MHz convex-array transducer) and computed tomography (CT). Results For tumors with a diameter ≥ 1 cm, the detection rate of IOUS was 100%, which was higher than that of preoperative ultrasonography and CT (100% vs 89.80% and 97.96%), though there was no statistical significance(xc2 = 3.372 ,P >0.05 and Fisher exact probability was 1.00) ; For tumors with a diameter < 1 cm, IOUS had a significantly higher detection rate than preoperative uhrasonography and CT(90.70% vs 62.79% and 74.42%, respectively,the former x2= 9.382, the latter x2 = 3.957, both P < 0.05) ;The total detection rate of IOUS was significantly higher than that of preoperative ultrasonography and CT (95.65% vs 77.17% and 86. 96%, respectively, the former x2 = 13.378, the latter x2 = 4.381, both P < 0.05). All the detected lesions underwent surgical resection or intratumoral injection of ethanol with the guidance of IOUS. Conclusions Compared with preoperative imaging examination, IOUS not only can enhance the detection rates of preoperatively overlooked lesions, but also can provide more valuable information to guide the surgical procedures.

Background and purpose: Since the detection of renal neoplasm is increasing, it's important to distinguish myomatous angiomyolipoma (mAML) from malignant tumors. This study aimed to investigate the imaging features of renal mAML on computer tomography (CT) and improve the accuracy of diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Methods: Ten patients were diagnosed with mAML. The cases were composed of 4 men and 6 women, with a mean age of 53.2 years (range 38-64). Among all of the cases, the percentage of spindle cell is more than 70%. Two radiologists reviewed all of the images to evaluate general characteristics, imaging features on unenhanced CT and enhanced CT. The mean attenuation on the unenhanced CT of mAML, normal renal parenchyma and skeletal muscle was compared by the paired-sample t test. Results: Among all of the tumors, nine lesions were solitary, and the other one was accompanied with typical AML. Six lesions were at the left kidney while four lesions were at the right side. Five lesions located intracapsularly. All the lesions were well-defined, nine of them were regular. The tumor sizes ranged from 15 to 80 mm with mean (43±19) cm. Intratumoral macroscopic fat, cystic degeneration and vessels were found in two lesions, two lesions and three lesions, respectively. Calcification or hemorrhage was not detected in any cases. On unenhanced CT, 70% cases were hyperattenuating. Eight cases were homogeneous or slightly heterogeneous. The mean attenuation of the tumor lesions on unenhanced CT was (48.60±5.50) HU, which was higher than that of normal renal parenchyma (39.70±6.67) HU (P<0.05), and similar to that of skeletal muscle (48.9±2.28) HU (P>0.05). After intravenous injection of contrast media, seven cases were categorized as the slightly heterogeneous or heterogeneous enhancement type. Four cases showed a weak enhancement whereas five cases were with a moderate enhancement. The gradual, prolonged and early washout enhancement patterns were observed in 40%, 40%, and 20% of the cases, respectively. Conclusion: The radiological appearance of mAML had a tendency to be hyperattenuating on unenhanced CT images without macroscopic fat; it could be homogeneous or slightly heterogeneous on unenhanced scans. After the injection of contrast agent, mAML tended to have a weak or moderate, lightly heterogeneous to heterogeneous enhancement, and it could demonstrate gradual and prolonged enhancement patterns.

Objective To observe the perfusion pattern of hepatic angiomyolipomas using contrastenhanced ultrasound(CEUS) and compare diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound with contrastenhanced helical CT(CECT).Methods Nineteen patients with 21 resected and pathologically proven hepatic angiomyolipomas were included in this study.Low mechanical index (mechanical index less than 0.2) realtime CEUS was performed in nineteen patients (5 patients with pulse inversion harmonic, 14 patients with contrast pulse sequencing, CPS) after 2.4ml bolus injection of contrast agent SonoVue.CECT was performed using 16-slice helical CT and contrast agent Ultravist.The diagnostic performance was calculated by considering histologic results as the reference standards.Results Fifteen tumors were correctly diagnosed as hepatic angiomyolipomas,4 tumors were misdiagnosed (including 1 hepatocellular carcinoma,2hepatic adenomas, 1 hemangioma) and 2 tumors were characterized as benign lesions by CEUS.Eight tumors were correctly diagnosed as hepatic angiomyolipomas, 13 tumors were misdiagnosed (including 7hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 liposarcoma, 2 lipomas, 1 hepatic adenomas, 2 hemangiomas) by CECT.The preoperative diagnostic accuracy was 71.4% for CEUS and 38.1 % for CECT(P＜0.05 ).Conclusions CEUS can demonstrate typical imaging characteristics of most hepatic angiomyolipomas, and has higher diagnostic performance than CECT in characterization of hepatic angiomyotipomas.

Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with acute renal failure (ARF)after surgery in patients with simple abdominal trauma. Methods A retrospective case-control study was carried out in patients with simple abdominal trauma after surgery from January 2003 through May 2008 in our hospital. Twenty patients with ARF were set as study group and 68 patients without ARF as control group. Clinical data including age, gender, injury type, number of injured organs, blood transfusion volume, intra-abdominal pressure, abdominal infection, shock and related factors were analyzed by using univariate and Logistic regression to identify the independent risk factors of ARF after surgery in patients with simple abdominal trauma. Results Univariate analysis revealed statistical difference in aspects of blood transfusion volume ( ＞ 1 600 ml), operation timing ( interval between trauma and operation ＞12 h), preoperative shock duration ( ＞6 h), postoperative abdominal infection and intra-abdominal hypertension ( ＞ 12 mm Hg) between two groups ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Logistic regression analysis showed that these five indices were the independent risk factors of ARF after surgery in patients with simple abdominal trauma ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusions Massive blood transfusion, delayed operation, long preoperative duration of shock, postoperative abdominal infection or intra-abdominal hypertension are the risk factors of ARF after surgery in patients with simple abdominal trauma. We should pay attention to these factors and take effective measures to prevent occurrence of ARF.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and influencing factors of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) combined with hypercoagulability in children. Methods The clinical data of 57 children with primary PNS were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical features and treatment were compared among high coagulation state group, non high coagulation state group and control group (20 children). At the same time, the differences between the simple nephrotic syndrome group (SNS) and nephritic syndrome group (NNS) in hypercoagulable state were analyzed. In addition, the correlation analysis was performed. Results Among 57 patients, there were 50 patients in high coagulation state group and 7 in non high coagulation state group. There was no significant difference in gender, age and clinical manifestations between two groups (P>0.05). The platelet (PLT) count, platelet aggregation (PCT), albumin (Alb), fibrinogen (Fib), D-dimer (D2) were significantly higher than those in the control group, and there were statistically significant differences (P all<0.01). There were significant differences in the levels of PLT, Fib, D2 and complement C4 between hypercoagulable state group and non hypercoagulable state group (P all<0.05). There were significant differences in HCT, TC, LDL, PT and complement C3 levels between SNS group (n = 32) and NNS group (n =18) in 50 patients with high coagulation state (P<0.05). There was positive correlation between HCT and complement C3 (r=0.30, P<0.05), while there was no correlation between PLT and other indices (P>0.05). All of the 57 patients were improved and has no thrombosis after the treatment. Conclusion Children with primary PNS were usually associated with different degrees of hypercoagulable state, and PLT, Fib, D2 could be used as reference indices for the severity of hypercoagulable state, and the activation of complement system might be related to the occurrence and development of hypercoagulable state.

Objective To explore the effects of sedationand hemodynamics on different ages patients with the same concentration of dexmedetomidine under general anesthesia.Methods A total of 264 patients (ASAⅠ-Ⅱ)with orthopaedic surgery under general anesthesia in our hospital from April 2013 to May 2015 were divided into 3 groups by age,the young group (group Y,n =76),middle age group (group M, n =107),and old age group (group O,n =81 ).Fifteen minutes before anesthesia,patients were infused dexmedetomidine with 1 μg/kg, maintain the concentration of 0.5 μg·kg-1 ·h-1 and stop at 30 minutes before surgery finished.The SBP、DBP、BIS、HR before anesthesia (T1),pump injection start(T2),tracheal intubation(T3),1 minute after intubation(T4),5 minutes after skin incision(T5),endotracheal ex-tubation(T6)were observed.The dosage of propofoland remifentanil in anesthesia,duration from stop infusion to endotracheal extubation, Ramsay score and adverse reactions 5 minutes after PACU also need to be recorded.Results The level of SBP and DBP were significantly increased at T2,T3 in all groups.Compared with group O,both group Y and group M increased significantly,the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).The level of SBP and DBP were significantly decreased at T5 in all groups,the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).There was no significant difference in 3 groups at T4-T6(P >0.05).Compared with T1,the level of HR and BIS were signifi-cantly decreased at T2-T5,the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).The dosage of propofol and remifentanil in group Y and group Mwas more than that of group O.The extubation time was significantly shorter and the Ramsay score was significantly less than those of the group O,the difference was statistical significance(P <0.05).SAS scores among the three groups was not significant difference (P >0.05). There was no significant difference in the total adverse reaction between group Y and group M(P >0.05),but it was significantly lower than that of group O(P <0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine has good sedative effect in all groups,but older group have more adverse reac-tions and wake up time is extended.The concentratiuon of dexmedetomidine should be adjusted according to the age of patients.