Objective To investigate the effect of estrogen on the pain score,c-Fos and substance P expressions in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the mice following formalin stimulation.Methods Fifteen C57/BL6 mice were randomized to 3 groups: control group(intact mice without estrogen treatment),OVX+V group(ovariectomized mice given vehicle) and OVX+E group(ovariectomized mice with subcutaneous injection of 2 ?g/d 17?-estradiol for 10 d).Pain score was used to assay the role of estrogen in affecting pain threshold in the mice following formalin injected into the right hind paw,and expressions of c-Fos and substance P in the dorsal horn of spinal cord(L3 to L5) in 2 h after injection of formalin was tested with immunohistochemisty to evaluate neuron activity and pain afferent fibers.Results Pain score was increased in ovariectomized mice following formalin stimulation,which was inhibited by estrogen especially in the early stage of secondary phase.The number of c-Fos-like immunoreactivity neuron(FLIN,P

Objective To observe the effects of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride on the cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade in geriatric, young and middle-aged patients. Methods Forty elderly patients and forty young and middle-aged patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n=20 each):elderly dexmedetomidine hydrochloride group (group DE),elderly control group (group CE),young and middle-aged dexmedetomidine group (group DY) and young and middle-aged control group (group CY).In groups DE and DY,a loading dose of 0.5 μg?kg-1 dexmedetomidine was intravenously infused over 10 min before induction of anesthesia,respectively,followed by infusion at a rate of 0.4μg?kg-1?h-1 until the end of surgery.Equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride was given in groups CE and CY.Anesthesia was induced with midazolam,fentanyl,propofol and cisatracurium 0.15 mg?kg-1.Four groups were maintained with infusion of propofol and remifentanil. Neuromuscular blockade was maintained with continuous cisatracurium infusion in the four groups and was monitored with TOF-Watch SX acceleromyography at the adductor pollicis.The onset time,TOF no reaction period,duration of action,the amount of cisatracurium consumption,and the spontaneous recovery index ( T1 25% to 75%) were recorded. Results The four groups were comparable in the demographic data.Intubation conditions,the onset time and recovery index were not significantly different among the four groups. The duration of blockade action in groups DE and DY was ( 61. 1 ± 8.9) min and (53.6±9.3) min,which was significantly longer than that in group CE [(49.9±5.8) min] and group CY [(44.8± 6.4) min] (P<0.01).The duration of blockade action was significantly longer in groups DE and CE than in groups DY and CY (P<0.05).The amount of cisatracurium consumption in groups CE and CY was significantly higher than that in groups DE and DY (P<0.05). Conclusion The neuromuscular blockade is longer and the requirement of cisatracurium is less in elderly patients than in young and middle-aged patients.Continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride can't accelerate the onset time of cisatracurium.But duration of action is prolonged and the amount of cisatracurium consumption is lower in patients with infusion of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

Objective To observe the expression of pannexin1(PX1) in the dorsal horn of spinal cord in model ratwith neu-ropathipain afteselective ligation of sciatinerve branche.Method50 male SD ratwere randomly divided into 3 group,inclu-ding the control group(Wgroup ,n= 10) ,sham operation group(sham group ,n= 10) and sciatinerve branch selective injury group(SNI group ,n=30) .30 ratwere killed on postoperative 3 ,5 ,7 ,14 d and the lumbasegmenof the spinal cord wataken fodetecting the expression of PX1 by using Western blo.Othe20 ratwere killed on 7 d afteSNI and the expression of glial fibril-lary acidiprotein(GFAP) in the spinal cord wadetected with immunohistology .Among them ,10 ratin the SNI group were trea-ted with intrathecal intubation before operation and administrated with saline 20 μL ocarbenoxolone(CBX) 20 μL by intrathecal injection on postoperative 7 d fodetermining the expression of GFAP by the immunohistology .ResultThe expression of PX1 in the SNI group waincreased and enhanced with time ,which wasignificantly highethan thain the Wgroup and the sham group (P＜0 .05);the GFAP expression on 7 d in the SNI group waobviously increased compared with the Wgroup and the sham group(P＜0 .05);afteintrathecal injection of CBX ,the expression of GFAP wasignificantly decreased compared with thain the normal saline group(P＜0 .05) .No statistically significandifferencein the expression of PX1 and GFAP were found in the Wgroup and the sham group .Conclusion PX1 may be involved in the activation of astrocyte,prompting thaPX1 playan importanrole in the neuropathipain caused by the peripheral nervel injury .

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of dezocine combined with sufentanil on postoertive analgesia for spinal deformity sur-gery.Methods Divided the 90 patients who were admitted into our hospital from January 2013 to September 2015 into three groups by ran-dom single blind method,namely the dezocine group,the sufentanil group and the combined group,with 30 cases in each group.All the pa-tients underwnet propofol and sevoflurane static absorption compound anesthesia,and they were given continuous intravenous analgesia with different drugs after the surgery.Their visual analogue scale (VAS)score,sedation scale (SS)score,adverse reaction,total PCIA times,ef-fective PCIA times,respiratory rate and arterial blood gas were measured at 2,6,24,48 hours after operation.Results The VAS score of the combined group was lower than that of the dezocine group (P <0.05).The combined group was significantly superior to the dezocine group and the sufentanil group in SS score and adverse reactions.At 24 and 48 hours after surgery,SaO2 and PaO2 in the combined group were higher than those in sufentanil group (P <0.05).PaCO2 in the combined group was lower than that in the dezocine group and the sufentanil group(P <0.05).Conclusion Dezocine combined with sufentanil is a more efficiency way with less adverse reaction on postoperative anal-gesia for spinal deformity surgery,and it is an ideal way of analgesia.

Objective To observe the effects of propofol on the hippocampal astrocytes and microglia in the nenotal mice . Methods 15 healthy mice from the same litters on postnatal 7 d were randomized into 3 groups:high dose propofol group ,low dose propofol group and 10% intralipid control group .All mice were treated with drugs on postnatal 7 d by intraperitoneal injection and were sacrificed at 24 h after drugs treatment .The high dose group was injected with propofol 60mg · kg -1 ;the low dose group was injected with propofol 30mg · kg -1 ;the control group was injected with the equal volume of 10% intralipid .The immunohistochem‐istry assay was used to detect the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adapter molecular 1 (Iba1) for observing the effect of propofol on the astrocytes (AST ) and microglia in the hippocampus .Results Compared with the control group ,the number of GFAP‐labeled AST in the dentate gyms (DG) molecular layer of hippocampus in P7 mice of the high dose propofol group was significantly reduced (P<0 .01) ,while no obvious effect of the low‐dose propofol on the number of AST was observed ;high dose and low dose propofol all significantly decreased the number of Iba1‐labeled microglia .Conclusion Propofol can inhibit the growth of the hippocampal AST and microglia in a dose‐dependent manner .

Objective To explore the effects of sedationand hemodynamics on different ages patients with the same concentration of dexmedetomidine under general anesthesia.Methods A total of 264 patients (ASAⅠ-Ⅱ)with orthopaedic surgery under general anesthesia in our hospital from April 2013 to May 2015 were divided into 3 groups by age,the young group (group Y,n =76),middle age group (group M, n =107),and old age group (group O,n =81 ).Fifteen minutes before anesthesia,patients were infused dexmedetomidine with 1 μg/kg, maintain the concentration of 0.5 μg·kg-1 ·h-1 and stop at 30 minutes before surgery finished.The SBP、DBP、BIS、HR before anesthesia (T1),pump injection start(T2),tracheal intubation(T3),1 minute after intubation(T4),5 minutes after skin incision(T5),endotracheal ex-tubation(T6)were observed.The dosage of propofoland remifentanil in anesthesia,duration from stop infusion to endotracheal extubation, Ramsay score and adverse reactions 5 minutes after PACU also need to be recorded.Results The level of SBP and DBP were significantly increased at T2,T3 in all groups.Compared with group O,both group Y and group M increased significantly,the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).The level of SBP and DBP were significantly decreased at T5 in all groups,the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).There was no significant difference in 3 groups at T4-T6(P >0.05).Compared with T1,the level of HR and BIS were signifi-cantly decreased at T2-T5,the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).The dosage of propofol and remifentanil in group Y and group Mwas more than that of group O.The extubation time was significantly shorter and the Ramsay score was significantly less than those of the group O,the difference was statistical significance(P <0.05).SAS scores among the three groups was not significant difference (P >0.05). There was no significant difference in the total adverse reaction between group Y and group M(P >0.05),but it was significantly lower than that of group O(P <0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine has good sedative effect in all groups,but older group have more adverse reac-tions and wake up time is extended.The concentratiuon of dexmedetomidine should be adjusted according to the age of patients.

Objective To investigate influence of dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive function in elder patients after hip re-placement surgery under spinal anesthesia. Methods Forty elderly patients with ASAⅠ~Ⅲ,undergoing hip replacement with spinal anesth-sia,were randomly divided into dexmedetomidine group( group A) and normal saline group( group B) ,with 20 patients in each group. Dexme-detomidine was given with 1 μg/kg after anesthesia and followed with 0. 5 μg·kg-1 ·h-1 in group A. The equal volume of normal saline was infused in group B. Cognitive function was evaluated before anesthesia,3 and 7 days after surgery by mini-mental state examination( MMSE) . The intraoperative concentration of TNF-α,IL-6,MDA were detected at the time of before surgery(T0),end of surgery(T1),3 days after sur-gery(T2),7 days after suegery. Results There was no significant difference in MMSE score before anesthesia between the two groups (P>0. 05). The difference of MMSE score at postoperative 3 days between two groups was statistical significance (P<0. 05). The MMSE score recovered normal in both groups 7 days later. There was no significant difference of TNF-α,IL-6,MDA concentration at T0 between two groups(P>0. 05). Compared with T0,the concentration of TNF-α,IL-6,MDA at T1,T2 in group B increased,the difference was significant. And the concentration of IL-6 at T1 in group A decreased,compared with that at T0,the difference was significant(P<0. 05). The concentra-tion of TNF-α,IL-6 at T1,T2 and MDA at T2 in group A were lower than those in group B,the difference was significant. (P<0. 05). Con-clusion Dexmedetomidine can decreased the concentration of TNF-α,IL-6,MDA,and improve the postoperative cognitive dysfunction of eld-erly patients who finished the hip replacement surgery under spinal anesthesia.

Objective To compare and analyze the clinical application of lumbar plexus combined with sciatic nerve block and spinal anesthesia for elderly patients with knee joint surgery.Methods A total of 77 elderly patients with ASAⅠ ~Ⅲ undergoing single knee re-placement surgery were randomly divided into combined group which recieved lumbar plexus combined with sciatic nerve block and spinal an-esthesia group.The baseline values,blood pressure and heart rate at multiple time points,the block area and duration,the volume of intraoper-ative fluid,and other indexes of adverse reaction were observed.Results The MAP,SBP and DBP in the spinal anesthesia group after the op-eration have changed significantly at the time of T1,T2 and T3.The operating of anesthesia in the combined group was shorter than that of spi-nal anesthesia group.The rate of adverse reactions in combined group was significantly lower than that inspinal anesthesia group.Conclusion The spinal anesthesia can be satisfied for operation requirements,but it will cause the unstable circulation and varied adverse reactions.Lum-bar plexus combined with sciatic nerve block is safe and effective with less adverse reactions,less disturbance of hemodynamics,which is much better for the old or the patients with coagulation abnormalities combined heart and lung disease.

Objective To observe the effects of propofol on neural stem ceils in mouse developing hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG).Methods Healthy 7 d old mice from the same litters were randomly allocated into three groups:high dose propofol group,low dose propofol group and 10％ fat emulsion control group.All mice were treated with drugs on postnatal 7 d.The mice in high dose propofol group were intraperitoneally injected with 60 mg/kg propofol;the mice in low dose group were intraperitoneally injected 30 mg/kg propofol;while the mice in the control group with equivalent volume of 10％ fat emulsion.Some mice were sacrificed at 24 h after medication injection,and the others were sacrificed at postnatal 14 d.The morphology and expression levels of Ki67,Nestin,BLBP and NeuN in hippocampal DG were detected by immunohistochemical method.Results Healthy 7 d old mice from the same litters were randomly allocated into three groups:high dose propofol group,low dose propofol group and 10％ fat emulsion control group.All mice were treated with drugs on postnatal 7 d.The mice in high dose propofol group were intraperitoneally injected with 60 mg/kg propofol;the mice in low dose group were intraperitoneally injected 30 mg/kg propofol;while the mice in the control group with equivalent volume of 10％ fat emulsion.Some mice were sacrificed at 24 h after medication injection,and the others were sacrificed at postnatal 14 d.The morphology and expression levels of Ki67,Nestin,BLBP and NeuN in hippocampal DG were detected by immunohistochemical method.Conclusion High dose propofol inhibits the proliferation of neural stem cells in hippocampal DG,and impaired the prominence number of neural stem cells and causes neurons dysmaturity.