OBJECTIVE To evaluate the current status that nosocomial infection constitutes one of the main problems threatening the safety of hospitalized patients and to set the idea that a good practice of hand hygiene will definitely improve the situation.METHODS The published papers and related regulations in this specific field were reviewed.RESULTS The most common way responsible for nosocomial infection was the transmission of pathogens by hands of medical staff;the detection rate of pathogens was as high as 80% in nursing staff hands,which included Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by rates of 25.9%,22.2% and 14.8%,respectively.CONCLUSIONS It is of great importance to control nosocomial infection by realizing and using the hand hygiene knowledge,which is basic,simple,and practicable.

Objective To investigate the role of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein(IFABP) as a marker in the (early) diagnosis of intestinal ischemia. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into control group and superior mesenteric artery ligation group (SMA group). Blood samples were collected sequentially at pre-operation, 1, 2 and 4 hours after operation for detecting the activity of IFABP, CK, CK-BB and LDH. Results The activity of IFABP in SMA group elevated 1h and arrived to a peak at 2 hours postoperatively. Compared with control group, all the (levels) of CK, CK-BB and LDH in SMA group were elevated progressively with time after operation. Compared with control group, the significant elevation was at 1, 2 and 4 hours after opration. Conclusions I-FABP is a sensitive and specific marker in the diagnosis of intestinal ischemia.

The osteoclast is a hematopoietic cell derived from CFU GM, which is regulated by systemic hormones, soluble factors in the phase of differentiation, fusion and proliferation. The major singnaling pathways involved in osteoclastic bone resorption and formation in response to cytokine and hormones include cAMP and R PTK. The advances in our understanding of the osteoclast make it possible for us to comprehend the development and the treatment of the bone metabolic diseases.

Objective To study the effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GP) on immune function in mice. Methods Polysacchayide was extracted from Glycyrrhiza uralensis by water-extraction-alcohol-precipitation method. Ovalbumin was injected to mice as antigens. The mice were randomly divided into four group:low (50 mg/kg), middle (100 mg/kg), high (200 mg/kg) dosage group of GP and normal control group, 12 mice in each group. Four groups were given GP and NS orally for seven days. After the secondary immunization, the level of antibody and the concentration of serum IFN-? were determined. Results The levels of antibodies and cytokines in middle and low dosage group of GP were all significantly higher than those of control group. Conclusion GP could enhance the immune function of mice.

Objective To incubate rat neural stem cells (NSCs) with selection-specific inhibitor ( LY294002) of PI3-K, and explore the effects of PI3-K/AKT signal transduction pathway in NSCs. Methods NSCs derived from E15-16 rats were isolated and cultured. After incubation of NSCs with different concentrations of LY294002 (0 to 40 μmol/L), cell survival ( WTS-8 assay), proliferation ( BrdU immunohistochemical identification), differentiation (β Tubulin-III immunohistochemical identification) and AKP phosphorylated protein (Western blotting) were detected. Results The effects of LY294002 on the survival, proliferation and differentiation of NSCs was concentration-dependent. The survival of the NSCs decreased significantly with a higher concentrations of LY294002 (25, 30, 35, 40 μmol/L) (P < 0. 05). The numbers of BrdU positive cells with LY294002 of 30, 35 and 40 μmol/L were significantly smaller than that of the control (LY294002 0 μmol/L) (P < 0.05). The numbers of β Tubulin-III positive cells with LY294002 of 35 and 40 μmol/L were significantly smaller than that of the control (P < 0. 05). The expression of AKT was blocked by LY294002 in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion PI3-K/AKT signal transduction pathway plays a vital role in the survival, proliferation and differentiation of NSCs.

early lithagogue rate.

Objective To observe the difference in serum level of oxidative stress between first diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and healthy person with normal glucose,compare the difference in serum level of oxidative stress between T2DM patients with continuous subcutaneous insulin injection (CSII) and multiple subcutaneous insulin injection (MSII),and further explore the possible mechanism of CSII superior to MSII.Methods Sixty patients with first diagnosed T2DM were divided into CSII group and MSII group by random digits table,with 30 patients in each group and given 14 days treatment of CSII and MSII respectively.Thirty healthy person were selected with age and sex matched in same period as control group,then fasting plasma glucose (FPG),2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2 h PG),glycosylated serum protein (GA),fasting insulin (FINS),superoxide dismutase (SOD),reduced glutathione (rGSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) before and after treatment was measured and analyzed.Results The FPG,2 h PG,GA,HOMA model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and MDA before treatment in CSII group and MSII group was higher than that in control group [FPG:(13.81 ± 3.14),(13.58 ±2.10) mmol/L vs.(5.21±0.42) mmol/L; 2 h PG:(21.72 ±4.43),(22.07 ±3.86) mmol/L vs.(6.19 ± 0.47) mmol/L;GA:(28.74 ± 4.40),(28.83 ± 5.01) mmol/L vs.(13.24± 1.26) mmol/L;HOMA-IR:0.45 ±0.13,0.43 ±0.12 vs.0.20 ±0.15;MDA:(4.37 ± 1.13),(4.44 ± 1.07) mmol/L vs.(2.37 ±0.58) mmol/L] (P ＜ 0.01),and the HOMA model 3 cell function index (HOMA-β),SOD and rGSH was lower than that in control group [HOMA-β:0.98 ±0.17,0.96 ±0.12 vs.1.91 ±0.19;SOD:(29.63 ±9.29),(28.07 ±9.62) mU/L vs.(41.00 ± 12.89) mU/L;rGSH:(157.03 ±46.58),(165.23 ±45.66) ng/L vs.(212.00 ± 61.67) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.01).There was no significant difference between CSII group and MSII group (P ＞ 0.05).The FPG,HOMA-β,SOD and MDA after treatment in CSII group was no significant difference compared with that in control group (P ＞ 0.05).But the FPG and MDA after treatment in MSII group was higher than that in control group(P＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05),and the HOMA-β and SOD was lower than that in control group (P ＜ 0.01).The FPG,2 h PG,GA and MDA after treatment in CSII group was lower than that in MSII group (P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05).The HOMA-β was higher than that in MSII group (P ＜ 0.01).Multi-factor analysis results showed that the HOMA-β and FPG (r =-0.919,P ＜ 0.01),2 h PG (r =-0.904,P ＜ 0.01),GA (r =-0.830,P ＜ 0.01) and MDA (r =-0.653,P ＜ 0.01) was negatively correlated,and SOD (r =0.454,P ＜ 0.01) and rGSH (r =0.394,P ＜ 0.01) was positively correlated.Conclusions Oxidative stress level of first diagnosed T2DM is significantly higher than that of healthy people.Two intensive insulin treatment for first diagnosed T2DM can reduce blood glucose level,oxidative stress levels and improve insulin resistance and β cell function.CSII can effectively reduce blood glucose,reduce the level of lipid peroxidation and improve β-cell function compared with MSII.

BACKGROUND:Biliary stent is widely used in different biliary tract surgeries, and there are some defects in the use of biliary stent. OBJECTIVE:To explore the biodegradability and compatibility of polylactide/glycolide biliary stent. METHODS:The polylactide/glycolide biliary stent was prepared, and immersed in the bile. At 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks after soaking, eight experimental stents were dried and placed under the scanning electron microscope. In the sterile condition, the stent was implanted under the rat skin. At 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after implantation, two rats were sacrificed. The stent was taken out. The appearance of the stent and muscle structure of experimental animals was observed. The gross appearance of stent was observed at different time by scanning electron microscopy. The rate of degradation was calculated. The muscle structure of experimental animal and the stent were understood. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 1 week, stent shape remained almost intact, but the texture became soft;surface roughness and cracks gradual y appeared;stent wal col apse was visible. The stent was completely degraded at 5 weeks. Before degradation, the stent presented clear three-dimensional reticular structure observed by scanning electron microscopy. With the time extended, the stent surface and section corrosion became worsened. By gel permeation chromatography detection, at 1 week of implantation, the molecular mass of the stent declined rapidly, and then gradual y declined. At 2 weeks, the relative molecular mass decreased to 15 000. At 4 weeks, stent mass loss was approximately 40%. Al the experimental animals were survived, no poisoning, al ergy or heat source response. The operative wound was healed wel , and no infection occurred. By histological observation, at 5 weeks, the stent was completely degraded, with a degradation rate of 100%. Surrounding muscles recovered to a normal state. These results indicate that the polylactide/glycolide biliary stent has good degradation in vitro and biocompatibility.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of remissive stage-reinforcing and acute stage-reducing acupuncture for treating apoplectic myospasm. Methods: Sixty patients with apoplectic hemiplegia were randomly divided into a treatment group of 30 cases and a control group of 30 cases. The treatment group was treated by remissive stage-reinforcing and acute stage-reducing acupuncture and the control group by modern rehabilitation training. Before and after treatment, the degree of spasm, the level of motor function and ability for daily life were evaluated by modified Ashwordth spasm grading, Brunnstrom grading and Barthel index now often used in the rehabilitation field. Results: Remissive stage-reinforcing and acute stage-reducingacupuncture was superior to modern rehabilitation training in relieving apoplectic myospasm. Conclusion: Remissive stage-reinforcing and acute stage-reducingacupuncture has a unique advantage in relieving spasm.

Objective To explore the value of high frequency color Doppler ultrasound for the early diagnosis of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with joint disease.Methods Blood pressure,uric acid,total cholesterol,triglyceride and blood glucose were measured in 44 asymptomatic individual with hyperuricemia (the AH group) and 52 healthy persons (the control group),and the joints of the first metatarsalphalan geal,ankles,knees,wrists,elbows and the first metacarpophalangeal joints in the two groups were examined by high frequency and color Doppler ultrasound.T test,Chi-square test,and Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis.Results ① The incidence rate of hypertension,diabetes and hyperlipidemia in the AH group [43.2％(19/44),22.7％(10/44),13.6％(6/44)] was significantly higher than the control group (x2=27.995,13.129,7.564;P＜0.01);② Double contour sign were found in the first metatarsal-phalangeal,ankles,knees and elbows of the AH group,in contrast to none in the control group (P＜0.05).The incidence of synovial thickening in the first metatarsal-phalangeal [1.5％(8/528)],ankles of the AH group [1.3％(7/528)]was significantly higher than that of the control group [0(0/624),0.2％(1/624)] (x2=9.521,P＜0.01;x2=5.634,P＜0.05).Similar results were found in the two groups in bone erosion in knees [1.7％(9/528) vs 0.3％(2/624)],in knees effusion [6.0％(32/528) vs 0.96％(6/624)] (x2=5.793,P＜0.05;x2=23.623,P＜0.01).The tophi was found in the fight first metatarsal-phalangeal,bilateral knees and the left first metacarpophalangeal 4 joints in 528 joints of the AH group,in contrast to none in the control group (P＜0.05).The difference in hyperechoic spots was no statistically significant between the two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Hyperuricemia is related to hypertension,diabetes and high blood lipids.There are some similar specific sonographic findings of gouty arthritis in the asymptomatic individuals with hyperuricemia.Therefore,these findings support that frequent ultrasound examination is a useful tool for the early diagnosis of asymptomatic hyperuricemia with joint disease,especially the screening of the first meta-tarso-phalangeal joint,ankle joint and knee joint.