The outbreak of high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses causing severe illness and death has severely disrupted poultry production and trade and posed a significant threat to public health.In recent thirty years,the virus has been endemic in Southeast Asia,China,Europe and Africa.Although the virus shows little ability of transmission between humans,a process of genetic reassortment could occur in a human co-infected with avian influenza A virus and a human strain of influenza A virus.So H5N1 represents a potential source of the next pandemic influenza.Direct avian-human H5N1 virus transmission is the predominant means of human infection,through direct contact with infected birds and virus-contaminated fomites or with fertilizer containing poultry feces.After several rounds of infection the viruses acquire the mutations required for crossing species barrier and infect a range of mammalian species including humans.Currently,vaccination is still the key strategy to prevent severe illness and death from pandemic influenza.Antiviral drugs such as NA inhibitors play an important role in antiviral treatment.The features of avian influenza virus and its mechanism of transmission in animals and humans are herewith reviewed,and the pathopoiesis of the virus,the current status of vaccine development and antiviral treatment are also discussed.

The paper analyzes current situation of the non -medical majors and literature information retrieval course in Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM) colleges and universities , points out the course reform objectives and key points .By taking Liaoning Universi-ty of Traditional Chinese Medicine as an example , it discusses the characteristics of non -medical majors and needs for the literature in-formation retrieval course , and proposes the teaching approach of literature information retrieval course for non -medical majors in TCM colleges and universities .

There are many kinds of research methods in proteomics of breast cancer,one of them is mass spectrometry and have made a great progress.With more progress in proteomics studies,diagnosis and prognosis of the specific markers for breast cancer continue to be found,there would be great benefits for patients with breast cancer in diagnosis and prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the quality of Cortex Cinnamomi from genuine producing areas and GAP planting base,and to compare with those of the commercial medicinal materials.Methods A RP-HPLC method was carried out to determine the content of cinnamyl aldehyde in cortex cinnamomi.Combined with the comparison of volatile oil yield,total ash content and acid-insoluble ash content,the quality of the samples was evaluated with the index of cinnamyl aldehyde content.Results The total ash contents and acid-insoluble ash contents of all samples were in the normal range.Cinnamyl aldehyde contents and volatile oil yields for samples from genuine producing areas and GAP planting base were up to the pharmacopoeia.There was a great fluctuation in cinnamyl aldehyde contents and volatile oil yields in commercial materials.Conclusions The quality is good and stable for the samples from genuine producing areas and GAP planting base,but it is not stable for the commercial materials.

The paper introduces the research significance of Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM) literature information retrieval based on cognition analysis, by analyzing cognition of literature information demands of TCM students in different majors of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, it studies from three perspectives:literature information retrieval demand, retrieval thinking and development direction of TCM literature information retrieval system.It also points out that study on thinking and practice of literature information retriev-al based on cognition analysis is the effective approach to enhance information literacy and improve the comprehensive quality.

Objective To evaluate the role of procalcitonin (PCT)in the early diagnosis for hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD)with bacterial infection.Methods Clinical data of 234 HFMD children who were hospitalized be-tween January and July 2012 were analyzed retrospectively,according to discharge diagnosis,data were divided into simple viral infection group (n=178)and viral associated with bacterial infection group (n=56),and data of 20 healthy children were selected as the control group.Serum PCT,C-reactive protein (CRP)and peripheral white blood cell (WBC)count were compared.Results There was significant difference in the level of PCT,CRP and WBC among three groups (F=381.94,24.18,and 26.46,respectively,all P<0.05).The positive rate of PCT,CRP and WBC among three groups was significantly different(χ2=178.25,38.98,and 71.21,all P<0.05),PCT,CRP and WBC in bacterial infection group(92.86%[52/56],85.71%[48/56],and 87.50%[49/56]respectively)were significantly higher than those of simple viral infection group (3.93%[7/178],62.36%[111/178],and 30.90%[55/178]respectively)and healthy control group (5.00%[1/20],10.00%[2/20],and 5.00%[1/20]respectively).The sensitivity rate of PCT,CRP and WBC was 92.86%,85.71%,and 87.50% respectively,specificity rate was 95.00%,90.00%,and 95.00% respectively.Conclusion The level of PCT has important value for the early diagno-sis of HFMD with bacterial infection,and its accuracy rate and sensitivity are better than CRP and WBC levels.

On the basis of reviewing the significance of retrieval teaching and scientific research integration and the research situation at home and abroad,the paper proposes the undergraduate teaching optimization plan of literature information retrieval of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) teaching integrated with scientific research,points out that the teaching design should focus on the cultivation of scientific research ability,the teaching process advocates the efficient and rich communication form based on the students,and the course assessment should establish multi-dimensional evaluation system.

Objective To assess the value of combination of susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI)and dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced (DSC) perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in astrocytoma grading.Methods SWI and DSC scans were performed in 82 patients with pathologically confirmed astrocytoma.The patient group consisted of grade Ⅱ (15),grade Ⅲ (10),and grade Ⅳ (57).The intratumoral susceptibility signal intensity (ITSS) and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) max were used to determine the grade of astrocytomas by Kruskal Wallis test,Welch test,Spearman correlation coefficients,Pearson correlation coefficients,and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)statistic methods.Results There were no ITSS in 14 cases of low-grade astrocytomas,the degree of ITSS were grade 1 to 3 in anaplastic astrocytomas,the degree of ITSS were grade 3 in all of the glioblastomas,the degree of ITSS were significant difference in all grades (H =71.96,P ＜ 0.01).rCBV max in grade Ⅱ,grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅳ astrocytomas were 1.26 ± 0.42,3.59 ± 2.09 and 8.34 ± 1.16 respectively,rCBV max were significant difference in all grades (F' =681.72,P ＜ 0.01).ITSS showed significant correlation with rCBV max (r =0.72,P ＜0.01) and tumor grades (r =0.89,P ＜0.01),and rCBV and tumor grades showed significant correlation (r =0.78,P ＜ 0.01).Area under the ROC curve application SWI,DSC,SWI and DSC in differentiation of the grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ astrocytomas were 0.99,0.93,1.00,differentiate grade Ⅲ from grade Ⅳ were 0.70,0.94,0.94,and differentiate high-grade from low-grade astrocytomas were 1.00,0.99,1.00.Conclusions ITSS is helpful to determine the grade of astrocytomas.The use of SWI in combination with DSC may improve the diagnostic accuracy of astrocytoma grading.

Vaccine immunization represents the most effective strategy against viral infections .Antiviral vaccine candi-dates currently include live attenuated vaccine , inactivated vaccine , DNA vaccine and genetic engineering vaccine .Live at-tenuated vaccines , eliciting efficient humoral and cellular immune response by simulating natural virus infection , are clini-cally widely used.Traditionally, live attenuated vaccine strains are obtained by serial passaging in vitro or in vivo, a costly procedure accumulating random mutations .microRNA( miRNA)-targeting host gene regulation exhibits high species and tis-sue specificity .Introducing certain miRNA target sequence into viral genome by reverse genetic technique can effectively attenuate virus strains, which has great potential in vaccine design and development .In this article,attenuation strategies and progress in its application in vaccine research are disscussed .

Survivin variants specific real time quantitative RT-PCR was developed to analyze their expression in 53 paired cancer and para-cancerous tissues, and the expression of the wild-type survivin protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that survivin mRNA and protein were expressed in gastric cancer and para-cancerous tissues. The survivin-2B was dominantly expressed in para-cancerous tissues, whereas the survivin-DeltaEx3 was more frequently detected in cancer tissues. The positive rate of survivin-2a was 100% in both cancer and para-cancerous tissues, but its relative transcript expression level was not significantly increased in cancer tissues in comparison with para-cancerous tissues. The correlation analysis revealed that the expression of survivin-2a mRNA was significantly associated with that of total survivin (r (s)=0.4178, P=0.0018), whereas inversely to that of survivin-DeltaEX3 (r (s)=-0.4506, P=0.0007). It was suggested that survivin-2a may act as an antagonist of survivin-DeltaEX3. The balance between antiapoptotic survivin iso-forms and nonantiapoptotic ones may play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Promising value is hinted to analyze survivin and its variants in tumor early diagnosis and distinguishing malignant tumors from benign ones.
Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*metabolism ; Protein Isoforms/genetics ; Protein Isoforms/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms/*metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Markers, Biological/genetics ; Tumor Markers, Biological/*metabolism