Objective To explore the impact of national volume-based procurement policies on the use of medicines in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） and provide data support for the rational clinical use of medicines in BPH treatment. Methods Data on the use of BPH treatment medications from 2019 to 2023 were extracted from the Chinese Medicine Economic Information Network （CMEI）, covering 892 hospitals （including 645 tertiary hospitals and 247 secondary hospitals）. The changes in various indicators, including the consumption sum, Defined daily doses （DDDs）, Defined daily dose cost （DDDc）, and the ranking ratio （B/A） of these drugs were analyzed and compared. Results From 2019 to 2023, due to the influence of relevant policies, the overall consumption sums of medicines used in the sample hospitals in BPH treatment showed a trend of decreasing first and then rising steadily. The DDDs showed an overall upward trend, while the DDDc demonstrated a gradual decline. Tamsulosin and finasteride consistently ranked first and second in DDDs. The B/A value for tamsulosin was significantly higher than that of other BPH treatment medications. Conclusion The implementation of national centralized drug volume-based procurement policies and other policies from 2019 to 2023 had effectively reduced the economic burden of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tamsulosin and finasteride, which had the highest B/A in the two categories of α-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors, dominated the market for BPH treatment. The clinical use of BPH treatment medications was relatively rational.

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol （APAP） is an antipyretic analgesic commonly used in clinical practice， and APAP overdose can cause severe liver injury and even death. In recent years， the incidence rate of APAP-induced liver injury （AILI） tends to increase， and it has become the second most common cause of liver transplantation worldwide. Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process that removes unwanted cytosolic proteins and organelles through lysosomal degradation to achieve the metabolic needs of cells themselves and the renewal of organelles. A large number of studies have shown that autophagy plays a key role in the pathophysiology of AILI， involving the mechanisms such as APAP protein conjugates， oxidative stress， JNK activation， mitochondrial dysfunction， inflammatory response and apoptosis. This article elaborates on the biological mechanism of autophagy in AILI， in order to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of AILI and the development of autophagy regulators.

Objective To explore the preoperative assessment of the differentiation degree of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),based on the imaging features observed on gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid(Gd-EOB-DTPA)enhanced MRI HCC.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 198 patients with HCC confirmed by surgery or biopsy pathology,all of whom underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced examination before operation.According to pathological results,HCC patients were divided into poorly-differentiated group(group A,69 cases),moderately-differentiated group(group B,97 cases)and well-differentiated group(group C,32 cases).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR),relative intensity ratio(RIR,,RIR2),and enhancement ratio(ER)of hepatobiliary phase HCC were calculated and analyzed.Results The CNR was the high-est in the group A and the lowest in the group C.Conversely,the SIHCC unenhanced,SIHCC hepatobiliary phase,and RIR1,RIR2 all were the highest in the group C and the lowest in the group A.There were statistically significant differences between the group C and the group B,as well as the group C and the group A(P＜0.05).Regarding signal characteristics during the hepatobiliary phase,the group A had the highest proportion of low/slightly low signal,while the group C had the lowest proportion.A statistically significant difference was observed between the group C and the group A(P＜0.05).Conclusion The Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI is helpful to preoperative assessment the differentiation degree of HCC.The higher the signal in the hepatobiliary phase,the smaller the CNR,the larger val-ues for the SIHCCunenhanced,SIHCC hepatobiliaryphase and RIR1,RIR2 are associated with the better the differentiation degree of HCC.

Objective:To analyze the relationship among thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), thyroid function, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in early pregnant women in Xi'an.Methods:A prospective study included pregnant women who underwent prenatal check-ups at the Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital from November 2020 to October 2021, with a gestational age of 6 to 14 weeks. Thyroid function, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), and urinary iodine levels were measured, and the prevalence of thyroid disease and GDM was monitored. The subjects were divided into four groups: TPOAb positive only, TgAb positive only, both TPOAb and TgAb positive, and both TPOAb and TgAb negative, to compare the differences in the prevalence of thyroid disease and GDM among the groups. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test, Bonferroni correction, Chi-square test, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between TAI, thyroid disease, and GDM. Results:A total of 20 243 early pregnant women were included in this study, among which 1 615 (7.98%) were positive for TPOAb only; 865 (4.27%) were positive for TgAb only; 1 672 (8.26%) were positive for both TPOAb and TgAb (both positive group); and 16 091 (79.49%) were negative for both TPOAb and TgAb (both negative group). The thyroid stimulating hormone levels in the TPOAb positive only group, TgAb positive only group, and both positive group were significantly higher than those in the both negative group, respectively (Bonferroni correction, all P<0.05); the free thyroxine level in the TPOAb positive only group was significantly lower than that in the both negative group ( P<0.05). After adjusting for age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and urinary iodine levels, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared to the both negative group, the risk of developing hypothyroidism during pregnancy was significantly increased in the both positive group ( OR=11.49, 95% CI: 2.84-46.39); the risk of developing subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy was significantly increased in the TgAb positive only group ( OR=1.99, 95% CI: 1.05-3.76) and the both positive group ( OR=3.74, 95% CI: 2.49-5.63); the risk of developing GDM was significantly increased in the TgAb positive only group ( OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.04-1.96) and the both positive group ( OR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.53-2.46). Among early pregnant women with normal thyroid function, after adjusting for age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and urinary iodine levels, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared to the both negative group, the risk of developing GDM was significantly increased in the TgAb positive only group ( OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.06-2.02) and the both positive group ( OR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.40-2.32). Conclusion:TgAb positive only is a risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism and GDM. Screening for thyroid autoantibodies, especially TgAb, during pregnancy helps in the early identification of high-risk pregnant women for thyroid dysfunction and GDM.

Objective To explore the preoperative assessment of the differentiation degree of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),based on the imaging features observed on gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid(Gd-EOB-DTPA)enhanced MRI HCC.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 198 patients with HCC confirmed by surgery or biopsy pathology,all of whom underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced examination before operation.According to pathological results,HCC patients were divided into poorly-differentiated group(group A,69 cases),moderately-differentiated group(group B,97 cases)and well-differentiated group(group C,32 cases).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR),relative intensity ratio(RIR,,RIR2),and enhancement ratio(ER)of hepatobiliary phase HCC were calculated and analyzed.Results The CNR was the high-est in the group A and the lowest in the group C.Conversely,the SIHCC unenhanced,SIHCC hepatobiliary phase,and RIR1,RIR2 all were the highest in the group C and the lowest in the group A.There were statistically significant differences between the group C and the group B,as well as the group C and the group A(P＜0.05).Regarding signal characteristics during the hepatobiliary phase,the group A had the highest proportion of low/slightly low signal,while the group C had the lowest proportion.A statistically significant difference was observed between the group C and the group A(P＜0.05).Conclusion The Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI is helpful to preoperative assessment the differentiation degree of HCC.The higher the signal in the hepatobiliary phase,the smaller the CNR,the larger val-ues for the SIHCCunenhanced,SIHCC hepatobiliaryphase and RIR1,RIR2 are associated with the better the differentiation degree of HCC.

The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) control natural killer (NK) cells development and cytotoxic functions, however, whether long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in this pathway remains unknown. We found that miR155HG was elevated in activated NK cells and promoted their proliferation and effector functions in both NK92 and induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived NK (iPSC-NK) cells, without reliance on its derived miR-155 and micropeptide P155. Mechanistically, miR155HG bound to miR-6756 and relieved its repression of JAK3 expression, thereby promoting the JAK-STAT pathway and enhancing NK cell proliferation and function. Further investigations disclosed that upon cytokine stimulation, STAT3 directly interacts with miR155HG promoter and induces miR155HG transcription. Collectively, we identify a miR155HG-mediated positive feedback loop of the JAK-STAT signaling. Our study will also provide a power target regarding miR155HG for improving NK cell generation and effector function in the field of NK cell adoptive transfer therapy against cancer, especially iPSC-derived NK cells.

N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) modification plays a critical role in cell cycle regulation, while the mechanism of m⁶A in regulating mitosis remains underexplored. Here, we found that the total m⁶A modification level in cells increased during mitosis by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and m⁶A dot blot assays. Silencing methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) or METTL14 results in delayed mitosis, abnormal spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation defects by the immunofluorescence. By analyzing transcriptome-wide m⁶A targets in HeLa cells, we identified polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a key gene modified by m⁶A in regulating mitosis. Specifically, through immunoblotting and RNA pulldown, m⁶A modification inhibits PLK1 translation via YTH N⁶-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1, thus mediating cell cycle homeostasis. Demethylation of PLK1 mRNA leads to significant mitotic abnormalities. These findings highlight the critical role of m⁶A in regulating mitosis and the potential of m⁶A as a therapeutic target in proliferative diseases such as cancer.
Humans ; Polo-Like Kinase 1 ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism* ; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism* ; Mitosis/physiology* ; HeLa Cells ; Adenosine/genetics* ; Methyltransferases/metabolism* ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism* ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism*

Urolithiasis represents a prevalent clinical challenge marked by high recurrence rates and morbidity，with existing preventive strategies struggling to effectively curb its epidemic trajectory，thereby posing a significant threat to public health. The etiology of this condition is intricate，involving a complex network of interactions spanning classical supersaturation-crystallization theory，Randall’s plaque theory，and multifactorial elements such as cellular injury，inflammatory responses，metabolic derangements，the gut-kidney axis，immune dysregulation，and genetic predisposition. However，the critical mechanisms initiating stone formation and the early pathophysiological processes remain incompletely elucidated，constituting the core impasse in current preventive strategies. This review systematically synthesizes classical theories and cutting-edge advancements in urolithiasis etiology research，emphasizing the urgent need to integrate emerging technologies，including high-dimensional omics，advanced imaging modalities，and artificial intelligence，to dissect pivotal pathological nodes in early stone formation. Such interdisciplinary efforts are essential to overcome cognitive bottlenecks and ultimately achieve personalized，precision-based prevention strategies.

The core update of the 2025 edition of the European Association of Urology（EAU）Guidelines on Urolithiasis is reflected in the addition of a new section titled "Genetic Factors and Testing"，which systematically defines the clinical application standards for genetic testing in urolithiasis. Given the significant impact of genetic factors on the pathogenesis of urolithiasis，the guidelines recommend genetic testing for specific populations，including urolithiasis patients aged ≤ 25 years，adult patients aged > 25 years with suspected hereditary or metabolic diseases，patients with recurrent stones，bilateral stones，or a family history of urolithiasis. In terms of testing technology，the guidelines suggest using next-generation sequencing（NGS）technology to identify pathogenic genetic variants，while emphasizing that testing should be combined with patients’ metabolic assessment and professional genetic counseling to improve diagnostic accuracy. If hereditary urolithiasis is confirmed，further genetic screening of the patient’s family members is required. The guideline update of this newly added section provides precise guidance on genetic testing for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of urolithiasis，which is conducive to promoting the practice of personalized treatment for urolithiasis and thereby improving the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Pathological interaction between CD4 + T cells and B cells is one of the important mechanisms of systemic autoimmune diseases. Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and peripheral helper T cells (Tph) are key cells for assisting B cells. Tph cell is a newly discovered helper T cell subset, and their phenotype is PD-1 highCXCR5 -CD4 +. Tph cell and Tfh cell have certain differences in phenotype, function, and site of action. It interacts with B cells, promoting the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and the production of autoantibodies, as well as promoting the formation of ELS to maintain local inflammation and antibody responses. Tph cells have recently been reported in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren′s syndrome, and IgG4-related diseases. This review summarizes the progress in peripheral immune response of Tph cells in different systemic autoimmune diseases, aiming to explore the new mechanism of autoantibody production and help to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic targets in the future.