Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr., a member of the Cantharellaceae, Cantharellales, Homobasidiomycetes, Basidiomycota, is a widely distributed macro-fungal genus with an independent evolutionary lineage. It currently includes 65 species, of which 9 were recorded in China. In this article, research history of the genus was briefly reviewed and some controversial conclusions, especially the demarcation and naming of some taxa, discrimination among similar species, problems on C. cibarius Fr. and C. tubaeformis Fr.: Fr. complex, as well as their ecological conservation and bionic cultivation, are discussed based on the authors’ findings. Proposals for further research on biodiversities and sustainable utilizations were put forward at last.

As the key organ of human, the brain has projection area corresponding to every part of the body, indicating that the damage on human body will locate a corresponding projection area in the brain. The primary injury on the distal end will produce secondary lesion in the projection area of brain, featuring as "bipolar lesions". The volume transmission (VT) theory and propagated sensation along meridians (PSAM) in TCM provide core guidance for the treatment of "bipolar lesions". The tendency to lesion of PSAM is achieved through volume transmission, which is also called "propagated sensation tendency to lesion of VT". From three aspects, VT can treat bipolar lesions, formatting a ring closed path. With VT as main treatment and wiring transmission as supplemented treatment, it has a more comprehensive guidance for treatment, and this theory may play an essential guiding role in the future treatment development for diseases.
Brain ; physiopathology ; Disease ; etiology ; Humans ; Meridians ; Sensation

Electric and electronic products are required to pass through the certification on electrical safety performance before entering into the market in order to reduce electrical shock and electrical fire so as to protect the safety of people and property. The leakage current is the most important factor in testing the electrical safety performance and the test theory is based on the perception current effect and threshold. The traditional method testing the current threshold for perception only depends on the sensing of the human body and is affected by psychological factors. Some authors filter the effect of subjective sensation by using physiological and psychological statistical algorithm in recent years and the reliability and consistency of the experiment data are improved. We established an experiment system of testing the human hody's current threshold for perception based on EEG feature analysis, and obtained 967 groups of data. We used wavelet packet analysis to detect a wave from EEG, and used FFT to do spectral analysis on alpha wave before and after the current flew through the human body. The study has shown that about 97.72% alpha wave energy changes significantly when electrical stimulation occurs. It is well proved that when the EEG feature identification is applied to test the human body current threshold for perception, and meanwhile alpha wave energy change and human body sensing are used together to confirm if the current flowing through the human body reaches the perception threshold, the measurement of the human body current threshold for perception could be carried out objectively and accurately.
Algorithms ; Electric Stimulation ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensory Thresholds ; physiology ; Wavelet Analysis

Objective To investigate the characteristics of click -auditory brainstem response (ABR) in nor-mal infants of 1 to 6 months old ,and to establish the normative values for latencies of Wave I ,III ,V and interpeak latencies of I- Ⅲ ,III-V and I-V for younger infants .Methods Click auditory brainstem responses were recorded from infants within 6 months :166 infants of 1 -months old(269 ears) ,141 2 -month old (226 ears) ,111 3 -months old(177 ears) ,58 4-months old(96 ears) ,78 5-months old(121 ears) and 45 6-months old(76 ears) .We compared the latencies of wave I ,III ,V and interpeak latencies of I - Ⅲ ,III-V ,I-V obtained from infants of differ-ent ages at different stimulus intensities .Results The average threshold of 1 to 6 months infants was 16 .18 ± 5 .35 dB nHL ,the average latency of Wave V was 9 .03 ± 0 .49 ms .The differences among the thresholds were statistical-ly insignificant(P>0 .05) .Wave I ,III and V were noticeable in all ears tested at 80 dB nHL .Wave I disappeared first as the stimulus intensity decreased ,and the latencies of Wave I ,III and V prolonged;on the contrary ,interpeak latencies of I -III ,III-V ,I-V shortened significantly .At the same stimulus intensity ,the latencies of Wave III , V and the interpeak latencies of I - Ⅲ ,III-V ,I-V shortened significantly except for Wave I .When comparing the differences among the testing parameters as a function of each month ,we found that there were statistically signifi-cant differences for the latencies of wave III ,V and the interpeak latencies of I -III ,III-V ,I-V before the 4 months old(P<0 .05) ,and there were no significant differences after 4 months old(P>0 .05) .Conclusion It is recommen-ded that 16 .18 ± 5 .35 dB nHL be used as the normative references for the evoked threshold of click auditory brain-stem responses for 1~6 month old infants .The development of central nervous system below the inferior calicles is fast before the 4 months old .

Objective To investigate the efficacy of widely used antibiotics for urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in recent 5 years.Methods A total of 2 809 cases of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infected patients who visited STD clinics of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from 2006 to 2010 were collected.All the patients had accomplished a course of treatment of azithromycin, minocycline, moxifloxacin or clarithromycin and followed up for 3 months (once every month).Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to analyzed the antibiotics effect changing trends overtime.Results From 2006 to 2010, the etiology clearance rates of azithromycin were 76.70% (79/103), 74.19% (92/124), 74.13% (106/143), 71.43% (100/140) and 70.77% (92/130), respectively;those of minocycline were 75.31% (61/81), 64.67% (97/150), 66.53% (159/239), 65.05% (188/289) and 63.03% (104/165), respectively;those of moxifloxacin were 88.82% (167/188), 86.23% (119/138), 82.96% (185/223), 81.19% (233/287) and 81.03% (158/37), respectively;those of clarithromycin were 82.93% (34/41), 80.49% (33/41), 79.25% (42/53), 78.18% (43/55) and 75.00% (18/24), respectively.Ochran-Armitage trend test showed that antimicrobial efficacy of moxifloxacin for urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection rates declined year by year (P<0.05), while those of azithromycin, clarithromycin and minocycline did not decline significantly (all P>0.05).Conclusions The etiology clearance rate of moxifloxacin is the highest but gradually declines by years, and that of azithromycin takes the second place, while the treatment efficacy of minocycline is lower but quite stable.The number of cases treated with clarithromycin is too small to draw a conclusion.

Objective To explore the effects of different probe tone and tympanometric admittance measure-ment methods on the diagnose of otitis media prediction ,and to provide a clinical reference for the selection of probe tones and measurement method to apply to newborn infants .Methods Tympanograms with 226 Hz and 1 000 Hz probe tones were obtained from normal infants (142 ears) and infants with otitis media (90 ears) .Mean values , standard deviations ,the 90% range and 95% mean confidence interval were recorded as the variable to observe po-tential impacts on tympanometric admittance with 226 Hz probe tone and tympanometric peak admittance with 1 000 Hz probe tone by three different measurement methods respectively according to Linder/Jerger classification ,the Baldwin classification and baseline classification adapted from Baldwin .The four indexes were tested with compara-tive analysis .The area under ROC curve simultaneous detects the normal group and otitis media group ,with refer-ences to the accuracy of the detection method to disease (including specificity and sensitivity ) .Results In 1-to -3 month group ,tympanometric admittance with 226 Hz probe tone and tympanometric peak admittance with 1 000 Hz probe tone by three different measurement methods were 0 .83 ± 0 .29 ,0 .60 ± 0 .55 ,0 .74 ± 0 .56 ,0 .90 ± 0 .59 in nom-al infants and 0 .82 ± 0 .35 ,0 .01 ± 0 .06 ,-0 .24 ± 0 .15 ,-0 .29 ± 0 .21 in infants with OME ,respectively .The areas under ROC curve of the four kinds of measurement methods were 0 .507 ,0 .896 ,0 .976 ,0 .988 ,respectively .In 4 to 6 month group ,tympanometric admittance with 226 Hz probe tone and tympanometric peak admittance with 1 000 Hz probe tone by three different measurement methods were 0 .60 ± 0 .35 ,0 .55 ± 0 .58 ,0 .76 ± 1 .0 ,0 .86 ± 0 .72 in nomal infants and 0 .36 ± 0 .24 ,0 ± 0 ,-0 .34 ± 0 .16 ,-0 .44 ± 0 .28 in infants with OME ,respectively .The areas under ROC curve of the four kinds of measurement methods were 0 .749 ,0 .888 ,0 .969 ,0 .988 in 4 to 6 month infants ,re-spectively .Tympanometric peak admittance with 1 000 Hz probe tone by three different measurement methods were significantly better than that with 226 Hz probe tone .The areas under ROC curve of tympanometric peak admittance with 1 000 Hz probe tone by baseline classification adapted from Baldwin were bigger than others and the differences were significant(P<0 .05) ,but no difference between the Baldwin classification and baseline classification in 4 to 6 month infants(P>0 .05) .Conclusion Tympanometric peak admittance with 1 000 Hz probe tone were better than that with 226 Hz probe tone to assess otitis media in 1~6 month infants .The baseline classification adapted from Baldwin was appropriate for the measurement of tympanometric peak admittance with 1 000 Hz probe tone .

Objective To explore the occurrence and development of schistosomiasis japonica hepatic fibrosis, and the treatment countermeasure. Methods Three groups of patients,including advanced schistosomiasis (splenectomy involved), non-advanced schistosomiasis splenomegaly and advanced schistosomiasis with hepatitis, were followed up. Biochemical tests including hepatic fibrosis indexes, liver ultrasonography,lymphocyte subcluster, and membrane CD35 were examined. Immunohistochemical tests of liver cells were performed in some patients. Results A total of 94.06% of 1212 patients took various anti-schistosome treatments. The difference was significant for positive antigen and antibody to schistosome, LN and HA ,and the ultrasonic indexes of liver fibrosis among the three groups. The degree of liver substance pathohistological examinations showed inflammation had a positive correlation with hepatic fibrosis. The contents of C-Ⅰ, C-Ⅲ in portal regions, central vein and hepatic sinusoid were increased in advanced schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis. In hepatic fibrosis, hepatic sinusoid showed two pathological changes of dilation and stricture. Conclusions In schistosomiasis japonica, hepatic sinusoid changes play a great role in hepatic fibrosis.Hepatic fibrosis would still develop even after the thorough anti-schistosome therapy. So, anti-fibrosis therapy is necessary.

Objective:To explore the mechanisms of regulation of miR-575 on the proliferation and invasion properties of non-small cell lung cancer cell (NSCLC).Methods:Real-time PCR was selected to detect the expression of miR-575 and BLID in differ ent NSCLC cell lines.CCK-8 assay was processed to measure the alternations of A549 cell proliferation at different time points after transfection of miR-575 mimic and miR-575 inhibitor.The invasion ability of A549 cells was evaluated by transwell.The targeting of BLID by miR-575 was predicted by Targetcan software and verified by dual-Luciferase assay.BLID protein expression level was detected by western blot.Results:miR-575 highly expressed in NSCLC cell lines,including A549,SPC-A1,H1299,H1650 (P＜0.001),miR-575 mimic could efficiently elevated the expression ofmiR-575 in A549 cells (P＜0.001),and strengthened the proliferation and invasion ability of NSCLC cells (P＜0.05),while,transfection of miR-575 inhibitor could down-regulate the expression ofmiR-575,and also inhibit the proliferation and invasion ability of NSCLC cells (P＜0.01).Targetscan software predicted that BLID might be the target gene of miR-575,and dual-luciferase assay revealed that miR-575 could obviously decrease the luciferase reaction of wild type BLID 3'UTR (P＜0.01),besides,miR-575 could down-regulate the protein expression ofBLID (P＜0.01).Real-time PCR results showed that NSCLC cell lines had lower level of BLID mRNA expression compared with 16HBE control cells (P＜0.001),and restore of BLID could markedly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion ability (P＜0.05),which could be reversed by miR-575 co-tranfection (P＜0.01).Conclusion:In NSCLC cells,the expression ofmiR-575 could promote cell proliferation and invasion ability by directly regulating downstream target tumor-suppressor gene BLID expression.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the judgement standard and evaluate the diagnostic value of the low frequency and high frequency tympanometry in infants with otitis media. METHOD: Tympanograms for admittance with 226 Hz and 1 000 Hz probe tones and resonant frequency were obtained from normal infants (195 cases, 321 ears) and infants with otitis media(122 cases, 171 ears). The mean, standard deviation, median, 5% quantile, 95% quantile and 95% confidence interval of peak admittance, gradient and resonant frequency were measured and calculated in different age groups. The significant differences of 1000 Hz peak admittance, 226 Hz peak admittance and gradient between normal infants and infants with otitis median were analyzed using SPSS 11.0. The false positive rate and the false negative rate of different age groups in infants with otitis media were evaluated according to such judgement standards as 1000 Hz peak admittance, 226Hz peak admittance or gradient. RESULT: The false positive rate and the false negative rate of the 1000 Hz probe tone tympanometry in infants with otitis media unter one year of age were 3.07% and 1.84% as the normal range of positive peak was more than 0.2 mmho. The false positive rate and the false negative rate of the 1000 Hz probe tone tympanometry in infants with otitis media aged 1-2 years and aged 2-3 years were 3.26%, 5.26% and 1.52%, 0.00% respectively,as the normal range of positive peak was more than 0.3 mmho. These was no significant difference in the gradient with 226 Hz probe tone between normal infants and infants with otitis median under one year of age. The false positive rate and the false negative rate of the 226 Hz probe tone tympanometry in infants with otitis media aged 1-2 years and aged 2-3 years were 44.57%, 31.58% and 16.67%, 6.67% respectively, as the gradient with 226 Hz probe tone was a judgement standard. CONCLUSION (1) The diagnostic accuracy of tympanometry with 1000 Hz probe tone for otitis media in infants younger than 3 years of age exceeded 226 Hz probe tone tympanometry, the 1000 Hz probe tone tympanometry is suggested to the evaluation of middle ear function in infants before 3 years. (2) It is reasonable that the normal range of positive peak is more than 0.2 mmho in infants unter one year of age and the normal range of positive peak is more than 0.3 mmho in infants aged 1-3 years.
Acoustic Impedance Tests ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Case-Control Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Otitis Media ; diagnosis ; Reference Values

Objective To investigate the curative effect of bone plate screw external fixation minimally invasive treatment assisted with 3-dimensional printing extraposition mold in distal radius fractures.Methods The clinical and follow up data in 15 cases of distal radius fractures treated by bone plate screw ex-ternal fixation minimally invasive treatment assisted with 3-dimensional printing extraposition mold were ret-rospectively analyzed.The volar inclination angle,ulnar deviation angle,radius length at the time of before surgery,immediately after surgery,and 2 years after surgery were measured,by using standard anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films,as well as the wrist jiont flexion extension motion and dorsal extension motion at the time of 2 years after surgery were measured by using protractor.The grip strength of the hand 2 years after surgery was measured by using grip strength meter.Visual Analog Scale(VAS)score was used to evaluate the pain level or wrist joint before and 2 years after surgery;Gartland Werley score was used to evaluate the wrist joint function 2 years after surgery.Results The follow-up lasted for 24.0-33.0 months with an aver-age of 26.5 months.The Gartland-Werley scores were excellent in 12 cases,good in 2 cases and fair in 1 case 2 years after surgery.The wrist joint flexion motion was(52.0±11.7)°,the wrist joint dorsal extension motion was(65.0±4.8)°,the grip strength of the affected side was(84.0±4.2)％of the healthy side.Compared with before operation,the volar inclination angle,ulnar deviation angle and radius shortening value and VAS score up were significantly improved 2 years after surgery(P＜0.05),and there was no statistically significant difference in immediately after surgery imaging parameters(volar inclination angle,ulnar deviation angle and radius shortening)immediately after surgery compared to 2 years after surgery(P＞0.05).Conclusion The bone plate screw external fixation minimally invasive treatment assisted with 3-dimensional printing extrapo-sition mold in distal radius fractures has the advantages of individualized bone plate screw,precision guidance position angle,minimal invasion,low demand for skin and soft tissue condition and easy taking out.The fixa-tion is reliable and the joint function recovered well and the short follow up effect is satisfactory.