Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) is a kind of host restriction factor. Since it was discovered to be responsible for the defect in virion release of HIV-1 mutants lacking the accessory gene vpu in 2008, it was thought to mainly restrict the viruses by directly tethering viral particles at the plasma membrane. Recent reports suggest that BST-2 also can inhibit the the release of HBV particles, which are budding in the intracellular vesicles, expanding the antiviral spectrum of BST-2. Futhermore, the machanism that BST-2 used to restrict HBV release in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) is similar to that used to restrict HIV at the plasma membrane. However, HBV have evolved strategies to antagonize the antiviral action of BST-2. There are two different opinions about the antagonist. One is HBV inactivated BST-2 by HBx requiring a hepatocyte-specific environment. Another thought envelope protein HBs counteract the antiviral action of BST-2. In this review, we focus on the current advances in the anti-HBV activity of BST-2.
Animals ; Antigens, CD ; genetics ; immunology ; GPI-Linked Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Hepatitis B ; genetics ; immunology ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Virus Release

Objective To study the methods of graduation of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Methods Transrectal digital palpation,transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography,uroflowmetry and measuring residual urine volume were carried out for 320 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Results①The measuring prostatic volume by means of transrectal digital palpation and ultrasound was similar.There was no significant difference between the groups(P=0.991).②The obstructive degree of the urethra was not consistent with the prostatic volume(P<0.01),it was closely related to the degree and site of hypertrophy node.③Measurement of size of prostatic internal gland,proportion between internal and external gland,site of internal ostium of urethra and sonography during urination were carried out by transrectal ultrasonography.The results were similar with obstruction pressure of the urethra and clinical manifestation(P=0.848, 0.966,0.592).Conclusions The transrectal ultrasonography graduation is not only a reliable method for diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia,but also can guide the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Objective Two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in TBX1 gene,G2857C(rs737868)and G2963A(rs28649236),were chosen to investigate their distribution in contruncal defects(CTD)patients and normal controls in order to determine the relationship between TBX1 gene and CTD.Methods By PCR-RFLP,genotypes of these two SNPs were analyzed in 100 patients with CTD and 100 normal controls during Mar.2004 to May.2006. 2 test was applied to analyze the genotype frequency and allele frequency between CTD groups and control groups.Results Remarkable significance were observed at G2963A between CTD groups and normal controls,the G allele frequency in CTD groups were much higher than that in normal controls(?2=5.30,P

Aim To establish two new rat models of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS by two chemical irritants.Methods Acetic acid or mustard was infused for six days in intestines of adult rats.After modeling,the rectal distention was performed and the thresholds of abdominal withdrawal reflex were measured.The frequency,peak value,peak-nadir value and area of the gastric and enteric electrical activity were recorded.And the contents of 5-HT in the blood serum were detected.Results Compared with the control group,the colon and rectum's sensitivity(P<0.05)and the frequency(P<0.01) of the acetic acid model were heightened.Meanwhile,the colon and rectum's sensitivity(P<0.01),the frequency(P<0.01),peak value(P<0.05),peak-nadir value(P<0.01)and area(P<0.01),and the contents of 5-HT(P<0.05)in serum of the mustard model were all changed,which indicated the increasing of sensitivity of the model.The colon and rectum's sensitivity,the gastric and enteric electrical activity and the contents of 5-HT in serum of the proving group were recovered to some extent.Conclusion The new rat model of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS is successfully set up by stimulating the intestines of adult rats with chemical substances.

Objective To investigate the influence of VEGF expression on the apoptosis of pancreas subjected to ischemia/reperfu-sion injury. Methods Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (rt = 10). Group A was served as sham-operation group. Groups B were subjected to 30 min of ischemia by clamping of celiac artery and superior mesenterie artery then releasing for 6 hours to produce ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Groups C were treated with VEGF antisense oligodeexynueleotide after isehemia. Rats were sacrificed, the pancreas was obtained to detect the VEGF expression by immunohistochemical method, and apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining. Results Apoptosis appeared and VEGF expression up regulated in pancreas after Isehemia/reperfusion injury. Comparison between Groups C and Groups B showed a significant down regulation of VEGF expression (P <0. 05) and a notable increase of apoptotic index (P < 0. 05). Conclusion VEGF expression suppresses apeptosis of pancreas during the course of ischemia/reperfusion injury and may play an important role in protection of pancreas against the ischemia/repeffusion injury.

Objective To investigate the location,fine structure of melanocytes in human fetal scalp hair follicles.Methods The scalp with hair follicles was obtained from a dead fetus of 6 months of age,and divided into two parts.One part was embedded in paraffin,tissue sections were prepared with a width of 7 μm and stained with NKI/beteb,monoclonal antibodies to HMB-45,tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1(TRP1),respectively.The other part with hair follicles was treated with collagenase type Ⅱ 0.1 g/L and trypsin,then,cell suspension was collected and cultured.After 14-day culture,follicle melanocyte cells (FMC)were separated from keratinocytes by differential trypsinization,and fibroblasts were removed with geneticin.Following three times of pure passage,FMC were seeded and fixed on mica for scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and atomic force microscope(AFM)scanning.Results Histopathological examination showed that NKI/beteb positive cells located at the outer root sheath of human hair follicles,and these cells stained negatively for HMB-45,tyrosinase and TRP1 antibodies.However,in the hair bulb,lots of cells expressed HMB-45,tyrosinase and TRP1 antigens.After fibroblasts and keratinocytes were removed,two kinds of melanocytes remained in the culture:one was small in number and showed abundant melanin,which was lost after subsequent passage;the othgr was large in number and had no melanin initially,but proliferated very rapidly.After three passages,almost all the melanocytes were positive for NKI/beteb.As SEM and AFM showed,most cultured melanocytes appeared fusiform with two(rarely three)dendrites,and the cell body was round or oval with a few melanosomes scattered in but no clear secondary branches on the dendrites.Conclusions The melanocytes in outer root sheath of hair follicles from the fetal scalp are presumed as melanocyte stem cells or their progenies.In vitro,these cells proliferate very rapidly during early phases,but the morphology and function of them still remain immature,which is unfavorable for melanosome transport.

Objective To explore the early diagnostic value of Golgi membrane protein 73 (GP73),alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and alpha-fetoprotein-L3 (AFP-L3) in patients with high risk of primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC).Methods Sixty-four cases of PHC were selected as the PHC group,60 cases of liver cirrhosis(LC) as the LC group,53 cases of hepatitis as the hepatitis group and 51 healthy checked-up people as the control group.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the serum level of GP73 in all the cases.AFP-L3 was isolated by using affinity micro centrifugal column,AFP and AFP-L3 were detected with chemiluminescent immunoassay and then the proportion of AFP-L3 was calculated.Results The positive rate of serum GP73,AFP and AFP-L3 in PHC group was significantly higher than that in LC group and hepatitis group [78.1％ (50/64)vs.25.0％ (15/60),17.0％ (9/53);48.4％ (31/64) vs.31.7％ (19/60),22.6％(12/53) ;53.1％(34/64) vs.30.0％(18/60),20.8％(11/53)] (P ＜ 0.05),In control group,GP73,AFP,AFP-L3 was no positive.The levels of GP73,AFP and AFP-L3 in PHC group were significantly higher than those in LC group,hepatitis group and control group [(245.69 ± 89.18)μ g/L vs.(116.37 ±38.52),(97.29 ± 24.58),(23.48 ±9.12) μ g/L; (403.27 ± 128.46) μg/L vs.(75.62 ± 19.35),(66.49 ± 15.14),(3.46 ± 1.02) μg/L; (15.64 ±3.19)％ vs.(5.24 ± 1.15),(4.21 ± 0.96),(2.95 ±0.73)％] (P ＜0.05).The levels of GP73,AFP in LC group and hepatitis group were significantly higher than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of GP73,AFP and AFP-L3 had no statistically significant difference between LC group and hepatitis group (P ＞ 0.05).Sensitivity and accuracy of three combined detection for PHC was 96.9％(62/64),91.7％(209/228),significantly higher than that of AFP,AFP-L3 single detection (P ＜ 0.05).GP73 single detection and any two combined detection was no significant difference in sensitivity and accuracy,compared with three combined detection (P ＞ 0.05).The levels of GP73 in PHC patients with different age,gender,serum level of AFP,TNM stage and tumor diameter had no statistically significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).The levels of GP73 in PHC patients with positive HBsAg,extrahepatic metastases and LC had significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The diagnosis value of GP73 is evidently higher than AFP and AFP-L3 for PHC,and combined determination is superior to single marker.Combined determination enhances the degree of precision in populations with high risk of PHC diagnosis.

Objective To study the efficacy and safety of different doses of caffeine citrate and aminophylline treatment for apnea of prematurity. Methods Preterm infants who met the inclusive criteria were admitted to NICU of JingZhou Central Hospital from October 1st, 2013 to October 1st, 2015. They were randomly assigned to three groups. Infants assigned to high dose caffeine group were received a loading dose of 40 mg / kg daily, followed by the maintaining dose of 20 mg / kg daily. Neonates in low dose caffeine group were administered with the loading dose of 20 mg / kg daily, followed by maintaining dose of 10 mg / kg daily. Infants in the aminophylline group received a loading dose of 5 mg / kg, then with maintaining dose of 2 mg / kg every 12 hours. Caffeine citrate or aminophylline therapy were continued until the infants were free from apnea for a period of 7 days or when the gestational age of 34 weeks were reached. Extubation failure rate, frequency of apnea, duration of apnea, mechanical ventilation, as well as oxygen therapy, length of hospital stay, mortality, and the adverse effects were compared among three groups. Results 90 infants were enrolled for study, with 30 in each group. Extubation failure rate, frequency of apnea, apnea duraion and oxygen therapy duration of infants in high dose caffeine groups were all significantly lower than those of infants in low dose caffeine group and aminophylline group (P < 0. 05). The incidence of tachycardia was significantly higher in the high dose caffeine group compared to the other two groups (P < 0. 05). Whereas all these factors between low dose caffeine group and aminophylline group were of no statistical difference (P > 0. 05). Duration of mechanical ventilation and CPAP, length of hospital stay, incidence of complications (BPD, ROP, IVH, PVL, NEC ), mortality were of no significant difference among three groups ( P > 0. 05 ) . Conclusions High dose caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity is more effective in decreasing incidence of extubation failure and apnea, as well as decreasing duration of apnea and oxygen therapy. Tachycardia is the only adverse effect of high dose caffeine therapy discovered by this study.

Objective To compare the operative cooperation of da Vinci robotic surgery and traditional laparoscopic surgery, so as to provide evidence to qualify the operative cooperation of minimally invasive operation. Methods Comparison of the operative cooperation with related experiences and literature was made between the two kinds of surgeries. Results More requirements were put forward during the da Vinci robotic surgery on nurses′ service quality and training methods, ethics & law knowledge and humanistic care, equipment installation and preparation, complicated nursing performance content, system error handling and postoperative management, etc.. Conclusions It is suggested that the operative cooperation of the precise minimally invasive operation should be improved as follows:strengthen the nurses′ special training and continuing education; establish related operation process and management standards;do patients′explanation work and surgical team cooperation.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the protective effect of the compatibilities of ginsenosides Rg1 and aconitine on myocar-dial cell of in vitro cultured heart failure model. METHODS:The myocardial cells of neonate rat were grouped into normal control group,model group,positive control group(Deslanoside injection,1×10-7 mol/L),ginsenosides Rg1 group(1×10-8 mol/L),acon-itine group (1 × 10-9 mol/L) or their compatibilities groups (1∶1,2∶1,1∶2,V/V). Except for normal control group,other groups were given 0.8%pentobarbital sodium to induce heart failure model of myocardial cells. After modeling,each group was given rele-vant medicine for 1 h,and then the activities of T-ATPase,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase,Na+-K+-ATPase in cells were all detected. The activi-ties of acyl carrier protein(ACP)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),and the contents of brain natriuretic party(BNP),TNF-α and total glycogen were measured in cell culture fluid. RESULTS:Compared with normal control group, T-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities were decreased significantly in model group;meanwhile,Na+-K+-ATPase activity was increased signifi-cantly,and ACP,LDH activities and BNP content in cell culture fluid were increased significantly(P<0.05). Compared with mod-el group,the activities of T-ATPase in treatment groups were increased significantly,while the activity of LDH in cell culture fluid was decreased significantly;when the volume ratio of ginsenoside Rg1 to aconitine was 2∶1,protective effect was the strongest;the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase in aconitine group and compatibility groups were all decreased significantly,with statistical signifi-cance(P<0.05). The activities of ACP and BNP in cell culture fluid were all decreased in treatment groups,but the content of to-tal glycogen in cells and the TNF-α content of in cell culture fluid had no change (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Compatibility of ginsenosides Rg1 and aconitine can improve ATPase activities and membranous permeability,regulate BNP secretion and protect myocardial cell of heart failure model,especially the compatibility of ginsenosides Rg1 to aconitine of 2∶1 ratio.