Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) is a kind of host restriction factor. Since it was discovered to be responsible for the defect in virion release of HIV-1 mutants lacking the accessory gene vpu in 2008, it was thought to mainly restrict the viruses by directly tethering viral particles at the plasma membrane. Recent reports suggest that BST-2 also can inhibit the the release of HBV particles, which are budding in the intracellular vesicles, expanding the antiviral spectrum of BST-2. Futhermore, the machanism that BST-2 used to restrict HBV release in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) is similar to that used to restrict HIV at the plasma membrane. However, HBV have evolved strategies to antagonize the antiviral action of BST-2. There are two different opinions about the antagonist. One is HBV inactivated BST-2 by HBx requiring a hepatocyte-specific environment. Another thought envelope protein HBs counteract the antiviral action of BST-2. In this review, we focus on the current advances in the anti-HBV activity of BST-2.
Animals ; Antigens, CD ; genetics ; immunology ; GPI-Linked Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Hepatitis B ; genetics ; immunology ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Virus Release

Objective To investigate the value of cystatin CysC on early renal damage in patients with essential hypertensive.Methods Hundred-four patients who were diagnosed as essential hypertensive with microalbuminuria (Urinary microalbumin:20-200 mg/L) with essential hypertensive (58 males and 46 females) were enrolled and 54 healthy subjects (30 males and 24 females) were selected as controls.Serum CysC (CysC)、Crea(Cr) 、BUN、uric acid (UA) were measured and ROC curve was established based on the examination.Results There were significant difference on the level of Serum CysC[1.22(0.91,1.51 ) mg/L vs 0.73 (0.61,0.79 ) mg/L,Z=3.30,P＜0.01],BUN [6.40 ( 4.43,9.06 ) mmol/L vs 5.10 ( 4.34,5.93 ) mmol/L,Z=5.94,P＜0.01],Cr [96.3 (72.6,122.0 ) μmol/L vs 70.5 (56.2,76.0 ) μmol/L,Z=8.30,P＜0.01],UA [375.7 ( 312.3,431.8 ) μmol/L vs 328.7 ( 271,379.3 ) mmol/L,Z=3.28,P＜0.01] between essential hypertensive group and control group.According to ROC curve,the area of CysC under the ROC curve (AUC) in 104 patients was 0.87,significantly different with CR(0.78),BUN(0.66),UA(0.66) (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 ) The Youden index of CysC was 0.69,and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity of CysC were 76％ and 93％ respectively.Conclusion The diagnostic value of serum CysC on early renal damage in patients with essential hypertensive is superior to Cr,BUN and UA,and changes of renal function can be found earlier according to the level of serum CysC,It plays a key role in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of the early renal damage in patients with essential hypertension.

Objective:To observe the diagnosis effect about the MRI and CT examination for the patients with lacunar cerebral infarction(LAC).Methods: 82 cases early LAC patients during April 2014- June 2016 were diagnosed by two methods, MRI and CT, respectively. And the application effect of the two methods were compared based on image result.Results: In 82 cases of LAC 742 lesions confirmed by MRI and only 145 lesions confirmed by CT, and there was statistical significant between the two methods; especially in front lobe and thalamic, lesions detection rate using MRI was higher than CT, and there was statistical significant between the two methods(x2=6.59,x2=5.64,x2=6.42;P<0.05); the difference of detection rate in capsula internal also was statistical significant(x2=7.43,P<0.05); the number of lesion diameter less than 5mm was 256 using MRI and it was 3 using CT, the difference also was statistical significant(x2=6.39,P<0.05).However, in parietal lobe, basal ganglia and brainstem, all of the difference were not statistical significant (x2=0.18,x2=1.25,x2=0.81;P>0.05);Conclusion: Both of CT and MRI can be used in early diagnosis of LAC, and MRI examination is more accurate for early or micro lesions and lesions happened in the frontal lobe, thalamus, capsula internal than CT. Therefore, MRI can be used as first choice eximination method in early diagnosis of LAC.

Objective To study the treatment of sepsis caused by G - bacteria, anti-lipid A antibodies of bacterial endotoxin were screened from phage antibody library. Methods The mRNA was extracted from human B-lymphocytes against lipid A of bacterial endotoxin, reversely transcripted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction using general primers scanning Fd and light chain of IgG. The amplified fragments were inserted into pCOMB3 vector and electrotransfected competent E.coli XL 1-blue cells. Furthermore, the recombinant phage was lysed by coculture with helper VCSM13. Results Fab displayed on the surface as fusion protein with the N terminal of coat protein Ⅲ, and 4.8?10 6 clone library was established. Antibodies against lipid A of bacterial endotoxin were screened. Specific antibodies against lipid A of bacterial endotoxin were enriched by 100 times after three rounds of panning with lipid A.Conclusions Three clones exhibited specific binding to lipid A is identified by direct and competitive ELISA methods. The succcess of isolating anti-lipid A proves the usefulness of phage display system in human McAb preparation. The result shows that we have got the recombinant phage antibody.

Objective Two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in TBX1 gene,G2857C(rs737868)and G2963A(rs28649236),were chosen to investigate their distribution in contruncal defects(CTD)patients and normal controls in order to determine the relationship between TBX1 gene and CTD.Methods By PCR-RFLP,genotypes of these two SNPs were analyzed in 100 patients with CTD and 100 normal controls during Mar.2004 to May.2006. 2 test was applied to analyze the genotype frequency and allele frequency between CTD groups and control groups.Results Remarkable significance were observed at G2963A between CTD groups and normal controls,the G allele frequency in CTD groups were much higher than that in normal controls(?2=5.30,P

Objective To summarize the clinical manifestations,pathological character,diagnosis and treatment of aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM).Methods A computer-based online search of PubMed database and CHKD database was undertaken for literature about AAM published from all the relevant documents with the key words of aggressive angiomyxon.According to the condition 210 articles were analyzed.All the articles were analyzed about natural history,clinical manifestation,diagnosis,pathological character,treatment and prognosis of AAM.Results A total of 282 cases in well-documented articles had been reported,among which 64 were male and 218 were female,with male to female ratio of 1:3.4.The age of the patients from 1 to 83 years(mean 40.38 years).The most common sites were the perineum,genital tract and soft tissue in pelvic cavity in females and the scrotum,spermatic cord and groin in males.None of the cases could be accurately diagnosed as AAM preoperatively.The minimum diameter of the tumors was 1 cm,and the maximum was 60 cm.All the specimens showed typical pathological features of AAM as reported previously.Immunohistochemistry indicated that AAM tended to be strongly positive for vimentin,CD34,Desmin,estrogen receptor,progesterone receptor but mostly negative for S-100 and Ki-67 and Actin.The medical history was from 1 month to 20 years.The recurrence of the postoperative follow-up was 2 months to 20 years.The diagnosis depended on pathological examination.Conclusions AAM is a sort of unusual soft connective tissue tumor.It is a kind of unknown cause,slow progression,locally invasive,easy to recur after tumor resection.Long-term follow-up is quite necessary because of the high rate of local recurrence.

Objective To evaluate the effect of early-phase insulin secretion and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and to analysis the risk factors of glucose tolerance deterioration. Methods Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in subjects over 30 years old coming from 78 families with type 2 diabetes. A total of 118 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) [fasting plasma glucose (FPG)<6.1 mmol/L and 2h postprandial glucose (2hPG)<7.8 mmol/L] were enrolled. Another OGTT was performed in them to define the glucose tolerance status at the end of the 4-7 years follow-up. AINS30/APG30, the ratio of the increment of insulin to that of plasma glucose at 30 min after the glucose load, was used to assess the early phase insulin secretion. HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were calculated to assess the insulin resistance and β-cell function respectively. Results After 4-7 years follow-up, 66 of 118 subjects still remained NGT, while 52 became either diabetic (n=11)or pre-diabetic (n=41). Using the median of HOMA-IR and AINS30/APG30 as the cutoff points, all subjects were divided into four groups: subjects with good early phase insulin secretion and no insulin resistance, subjects with good early insulin secretion but relative insulin resistance, subjects with impaired early phase insulin secretion but no insulin resistance, subjects with impaired early phase insulin secretion and also relative insulin resistance. The incidences of abnormal glucose tolerance among these four groups were 23.1%, 36.4%, 45.5% and 73.1% respectively. There was a statistical difference between the former three groups and the last one (P<0.05). Log/st/c regression analysis showed that only the early phase insulin secretion was the risk factor of glucose tolerance deterioration, while age, gender, insulin resistance or β-cell function were not. Conclusion Impaired early phase insulin secretion is a major risk factor for the disturbance of glucose metabolism in the population with NGT.

Small RNAs(sRNAs) play a significant role in the regulation of bacterial growth.When sensing certain environmental cues such as fluctuation of nutrient concentration, temperature, pH, and osmolarity, sRNAs can influence the expression of target genes.The formation of biofilms is initiated by bacteria transitioning from the planktonic to the surface-associated mode of growth, which is a self-produced extracellular matrix composed of proteins, polysaccharides, and DNA.Recent evidences have shown that small RNA plays an important role in the regulation of bacterial biofilm formation.sRNAs have key roles in biofilm formation process by base pairing with target mRNAs or interaction with modulating proteins.This review discussed the regulation mechanism and pathway of sRNAs in bacterial biofilms formation, and summarized three classical regulatory models of sRNAs in bacterial biofilms formation, this review also gives the research status and development direction of sRNAs in bacterial biofilms formation.

We identified and characterized the full-length genome of a GI.8 norovirus strain CHN/Huzhou/N10 isolated in an outbreak in Huzhou,China.The full-length genome of CHN/Huzhou/N10 was amplified using five pairs of primers which were designed according to the full-length GI norovirus genome sequences published in GenBank database.Multiple alignments were performed using DNAStar,the phylogenetic relationship of CHN/Huzhou/N10 and the representative NoV (Norovirus) strains from each genogroup were assessed using the software MEGA version 6.0.The viral genome of CHN/Huzhou/N10 was 7 740 nucleotides in length,which was consist of three ORFs spanning 5-5 404 nt (ORF1),5 388-7 019 nt(ORF2),and 7 019-7 660 nt (ORF3),respectively.Phylogenetic analysis based on polymerase and capsid sequences VP1 and VP2 region indicated that CHN/Huzhou/N10 belonged to GI.8 genotype.The amino acid sequence analysis of the VP1 region showed that CHN/Huzhou/N10 had 16 mutations compared with the representative strain Boxer/2001/US,12 of these variations were located in the P2 subregion.Moreover,a single amino acid change (T347S) occurred at histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding site Ⅱ and another single amino acid change (T397E) occurred at HBGA binding site Ⅲ.In this study,the first full genome of norovirus GI.8 isolated in Huzhou,China was extensively characterized.The data would be helpful not only for the epidemiology study,but also for the diagnostic tool development and effective vaccine design in the future.

Objective To investigate the clinical application of fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Methods Colonoscopy took 79 patients with IBD that were diagnosed with pathology,including 47 cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients,32 cases of Crohn's disease (CD).Moreover,42 cases of IBD patients without abdominal pain,diarrhea and other intestinal inflammation were used as disease control group,and 34 cases of healthy people were used as healthy control group.The level of fecal calprotectin in each group was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The positive rate of fecal Calprotectin in IBD group,disease control group and the healthy control group was 57.0％,19.0％,and 0,respectively; each positive rate in IBD group was significantly higher than the other two groups (P ＜ 0.05).The serum concentration of fecal calprotectin in IBD group [(493.86 ±204.18) μg/g] was significantly higher than the disease control group [(71.46 ± 60.51) μg/g] and the healthy control group [(36.19 ± 13.46) μg/g] (P ＜ 0.05) ; IBD active calprotection [(1015.23 ± 324.96) μg/g] was significantly higher than resting [(52.69 ±34.71) μg/g] (P ＜0.01).Conclusions Fecal calprotectin test benefits early diagnosis of IBD,and may be taken as the diagnostic index of IBD activity.It has extensively clinical value.