Objective To explore the changes of bone mineral density and risk factors of OP in old female patients with type Ⅱ diabetes.Methods 737 cases of old female patients with type Ⅱ diabetes in Department of Endocrinology were analyzed.All patients were first divided into two groups(Group A,with OP;Group B,without OP)according to OP.Then,the changes of bone mineral density and related risk factors were analyzed with Logistic regression approach.Results In the comparison of Group A and Group B,the results are shown as follows.In Group A:ICTP(7.34±1.84)μg/L,FBG(7.12±1.14)mmol/L,BMI(22.45±2.37)kg/m2,BMD,A(62.45±17.56);InGroup B,the corresponding levels were(4.13±1.07)μg/L,(8.48±1.28)mmol/L,(15.46±6.78)mmol/L,(89.75±14.56)respectively.The resuhs presented statistical differences.(t=29.958、-14.405、16.262、-22.665,both P＜0.05).In Group A,HbAle(7.33±0.32)%,serum calcium(2.35±0.72)mmol/L,serum phosphorus(1.03±0.23)mmol/L,the corresponding values in Group B are(7.21±0.24)%,(2.42±0.34)mmol/L,(1.02±0.28)mmol/L.There sxe no statistical differences in two groups(both P＞0.05).In Group A,FN(52.50±18.40)pmol/L,UALB was(8.03 ±1.86)mg/L,Leptin was(5.14 ±1.19)μg/L;the Values in Group B were (40.70±16.34)pmol/L,(5.91±1.24)mg/L,(5.63±1.23)μg/L,The values of FN,UALB in both groups had statistical differences(t=7.469、18.515,both P＜0.05);the values of Loptin in two groups had no statistical difference(P＞0.05).Based on the incidence of OP among old female patients,the leveh of HbAlc,serum calcium,serum phosphorus,ICTP,FBG,BMI、BMD,FN,UALB,Leptin,course of disease,losing body mass,were taken as independent variables and to analyze use Logistic Regression approach.Conclusion FN,UALB,course of disease,BMI and losing body mass were the independent risk factors of OP in old female patients with type Ⅱ diabetes.

Objective To discuss the effect of the modified structure of oxygen equipment on oxygen inhalation effect of patients receiving oxygen therapy.Methods The structure of oxygen equipment was modified.and 80 patients who required oxygen therapy were divided into the modified group and the non-modified group according to odd and even number of hospital admission sequence randomly with 40 patients in each group.The modified group used the modified oxygen equipment,the non-modified group used traditional one.The differences of respiration,heart rate and blood oxygen saturation rate between the two groups before oxygen inhalation,30 minutes and 2 hours after oxygen were compared.Results There was no significant difference in the respiration,heart rate and blood oxygen saturation rate between the two groups.Conclusions The modified oxygen equipment doesn't affect the oxygen therapy effect of patients,besides,it avoids the problems of pollution and the complicated disinfection procedure of the structure of the humidifier bottle,fluid and breathing vessel of the traditional equipment.

Objective To evaluate the effect of perioperative enteral immunotrition(IMPACT) on liver regeneration in cirrhotic rats with hepatectomy. Methods Forty-eight cirrhotic rats were randomly divided into two groups: Group A, perioperative standard enteral nutrition group(n=24), receiving standard enteral nutrient NUTRISON during hepatectomy. Group B, perioperative enteral immunonutrition group(n=24), receiving enteral immunonutrient IMPACT after hepatectomy. According to the different time of taking specimens, each group was separated into four subgroups, each subgroup had six rats. The rats in the two groups received equal daily nutritional supplement intragastrically, which was 690kJ/kg per day. Before the 68% hepatectomy, the rats were fed with enteral nutrient for 8 days, and after operation were fed until the day of taking specimens. On the day before hepatectomy and 1st, 4th and 8th postoperative day(POD), MI (mitotic index) of liver cell and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) labeling index of hepatocyte were determined. Results MI increased significantly in both group on 4th and 8th postoperative day(P

Objective To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage introduced by bedside ordinary-probe-guidance with free-hand technique in severe cholecystitis. Methods 85 cases treated with the operation were observed and analyzed. Results Infectious bile was successfully drained in all cases without serious complications. 83 cases received satisfactory outcomes. 2 elderly patients died from MODS secondary severe infection. Conclusion Bedside ordinary-probe-guided free-hand percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage is a safe and convenient treatment with minimal invasion for severe cholecystitis, which can be widely used in clinic.

Objective To systematically evaluate the safety of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) compared with open distal pancreatectomy (ODP).Methods Databases including Cochrane library,MEDLINE,EMbase,Google Scholar and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched to enroll randomized clinical trials (RCT),controlled clinical trials (CCT) or retrospective case-control studies to compare LDP with ODP.All articles received quality assessment according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,then the selected indices were analyzed using the Review Manager Version 5.0 software (The Cochrane Collaboration,Oxford,United Kingdom).Results 21 manuscripts with a total of 2 797 patients were enrolled.1 150 patients underwent LDP and the remaining 1 647 patients underwent ODP.In 20 studies (n =2 597),the total postoperative complication rates were 33.90％ for the LDP group versus 46.80％ for the ODP group [RR =0.76,95％ CI(0.69 ～ 0.84),P ＜ 0.01].In 8 studies (n =1 869) there was no significant difference [RR =0.51,95％ CI(0.21 ～ 1.24),P ＞0.05] in the perioperative mortality between LDP (4/703) and ODP (18/1 166).In 20 studies (n =2 757) there was no significant difference [RR =0.89,95％ CI(0.75 ～ 1.06),P ＞ 0.05] in the pancreatic fistula rate between LDP (168/1 132) and ODP (281/1 625).In 11 studies (n =1 840) the wound infection rate of LDP (3.24％) was significantly lower than ODP (10.85％) [RR =0.34,95％ CI(0.23 ～ 0.52),P ＜ 0.01].No significance was found between the two groups in the rates of pulmonary complications,peritoneal infection,urinary tract infection,postoperative bleeding,pseudocyst formation,intestinal obstruction and ascites formation between LDP and ODP.Conclusions When compared with the traditional open procedure,LDP has the advantages of significantlylower rates of postoperative complication and wound infection.There were no significant differences in postoperative mortality,and pancreatic fistula rate between LDP and ODP.This meta-analysis suggests that LDP is a safe and feasible operative method.

Objective Our study intended to check whether there are any changes of serum concentrations of tumor markers in patients with chronic kidney disease,and to determine the related factors.Methods Atotal of 232 hospitalized patients in Nephrology Department in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from March to June in 2005 were divided into groups respectively according to their levels of Ccr,Upro and Salb.Then Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to confirm the relationships among Ccr,Upro,Salb and serum tumor markers.Furthermore,multielement logistic regression was used to analyze the independent effect of age,Ccr,effusion in serous cavity,the levels of proteinuria and serum albumin on the levels of these markers in CKD patients.Results The serum levels of CEA,CA 199,NSE and SCC in different Ccr groups,the levels of CA 199,CA125,NSE and SCC in different Salb groups,the levels of CA 125,NSE and SCC in different Upro groups,had significant statistical differences.Age was the risk factor of the increased levels of CEA and PSA;effusion in serous cavity was the risk factor of increased levels of CA 125.The decreased level of Ccr was the risk factor of CA 125 and SCC.The elevated Upro was the risk factor of SCC.The decreased Salb was the risk factor of CA 199,CA 125 and NSE.Conclusion When we diagnose some tumors according to their serum levels of tumor markers such as CEA,CA 199,CA 125,NSE,SCC and PSA,we must note that whether the patients are aged or have complications such as large proteinuria,hypoalbuminemia,effusion in serous cavity or decreased kidney function.

Objective To explore the feasibility of la pa roscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repair without the use of the balloon diss ector. Methods Laparoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repai r using no balloon dissector was completed in 10 cases of groin hernia from Nove mber 2003 to April 2004, including 7 cases of indirect inguinal hernia, 1 case o f occult indirect hernia combined with direct inguinal hernia, and 3 cases of di rect inguinal hernia (1 of which was recurrent hernia). Results All the 10 operations were successful. The mean operation time was 69.5 min, t he mean blood loss was 11 ml, the mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.1 days , and the mean duration to normal activities, 5.2 days.Complications included 1 case of disassociated inferior epigastric artery, 1 case of operation in wrong anatomic layer, and 1 case of laceration of the peritoneum, respectively. Follow -up observations for 1~6 months found no recurrence and neuropathic pain. Conclusions Laparoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repair without the use of the balloon dissector is feasible, safe and effective.

Objective To investigate the clinical evaluation on endoscopic sequential therapy for senile ACST.Methods The 36 cases of senile ACST were collected and divided into two groups:emergency operation and endoscopic sequential therapy.The results of treatment were compared between two groups.Result Comparing with emergency operation, the mortality of endoscopic sequential therapy was reduced from 27.8%to 5.6%,the rate of complication from 61.1% to 16.6%,the periods of preoperative preparation was shorten from 12.6 hours to 7.5 hours,the periods of postoperative recovery from 6.5 days to 3.5 days,the intervals between two treatments from 43 days to 11 days,the periods of complete treatment from 45 days to 23 days.Conclusion Endoscopic sequential therapy was the ideal alternative for senile ACST,which is characterized by minimal injury,effectiveness and thoroughness.

Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) is a kind of host restriction factor. Since it was discovered to be responsible for the defect in virion release of HIV-1 mutants lacking the accessory gene vpu in 2008, it was thought to mainly restrict the viruses by directly tethering viral particles at the plasma membrane. Recent reports suggest that BST-2 also can inhibit the the release of HBV particles, which are budding in the intracellular vesicles, expanding the antiviral spectrum of BST-2. Futhermore, the machanism that BST-2 used to restrict HBV release in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) is similar to that used to restrict HIV at the plasma membrane. However, HBV have evolved strategies to antagonize the antiviral action of BST-2. There are two different opinions about the antagonist. One is HBV inactivated BST-2 by HBx requiring a hepatocyte-specific environment. Another thought envelope protein HBs counteract the antiviral action of BST-2. In this review, we focus on the current advances in the anti-HBV activity of BST-2.
Animals ; Antigens, CD ; genetics ; immunology ; GPI-Linked Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Hepatitis B ; genetics ; immunology ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Virus Release

A safe and effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is expected to have a considerable impact on elimination of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Despite decades of effort, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 remains elusive. In recent years, the Thai HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trial (known as RV144) showed a reduction in HIV-1 acquisition by 31%, but this agent could not delay disease progression in vaccinated individuals. Clinical analyses of experimental data and experiments in vitro have revealed two main types of immunogen design: induction of broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody (bNAb) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. bNAb can prevent or reduce acquisition of infection, and its main immunogens are virus-like particles, natural envelope trimers and stable bNAb epitopes. An effective CTL response can slow-down viral infection, and its main immunogens are "mosaic" vaccines, "conserved immunogens", and the "fitness landscape" of HIV-1 proteins. This review summarizes the strategies as well as progress in the design and testing of HIV-1 immunogens to elicit bNAb and CTL responses.
AIDS Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology ; Animals ; Drug Design ; HIV Antibodies ; immunology ; HIV Infections ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; HIV-1 ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans