Biotechnology is one of the important areas of life science, consequently the ethical problems were caused by its researches and applications. The article analyzed the ethical problems related to the development of biotechnology and put forwards some countermeasures in order to keep it developing constantly and steady.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of clinical pharmacists in pediatric severe infection treatment,and to provide reference for rational drug use in clinic. METHODS:Based on related typical cases,the breakthrough points of clinical pharmacists providing pharmaceutical care in pediatric severe infection treatment plan were introduced. RESULTS:Clinical pharmacists formu-lated multi-drug resistance pathogenic antibacterial plan according to the results of pathogenic microbiological examination,use pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics,excluded interference to pediatric anti-infection treatment from ADR,and guideline and eco-nomical factors of patients. CONCLUSIONS:Clinical pharmacists adopt professional knowledge of pharmacy to provide pharmaceu-tical care in pediatric severe infection treatment and play professional assisted role so as to guarantee safe,effective and economical treatment.

Objective To investigate the effect of postoperative analgesia with oxycodone on T cell function after operative of cesarean section with chronic hepatitis B.Methods Sixty cesarean sec-tion women with chronic hepatitis B undergoing CS,aged 22-35,were randomly divided into two groups:oxycodone group (group O)and morphine group (group M).The changes of immune cells (Th1,Th2)and liver function were recorded after the analgesia (immediate,postoperative 24 h,48 h,72 h).The total number of pressing analgesia pump and the cumulative amount of PCA were re-corded.Results The Th1 of group O was higher than that of group M at 24 h,48 h after operation (P <0.05),while there was no significant difference of Th1 and Th2 in group M.The total patient-controlled pressing times and accumulated amount of PCA of group O were significantly lower than those in group M (P <0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups.Conclusion Oxycodone can activate T cell function in postoperative analge-sia,while morphine causes the inhibition of Th1 cells.

Objective:Defensins from human neutrophils exhibit a broad antimicrobial activity.The transfection of the gene fused by human neutrophil peptide 1(HNP1) with the J chain into other cells may induce the in vitro expression of HNP1 to play antimicrobial roles.The authors analyzed the influencing factors on the expressed proteins of HNP1 and the J chain gene in COS-7 cells.Methods: Western blot was used to analyze the technical factors influencing the HNP1 protein expression.Results: Recombinant J-HNP1 was expressed in the cells successfully.Conclusion: The expression of J-HNP1 can be detected inside and outside the cells by Western blot.

Objective:To analyze the prognostic factors in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Methods:A total of 205 patients with pretreated MBC were included in this study. These patients were admitted to the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Insti-tute&Hospital and had undergone radical surgery of breast cancer between January 2008 and December 2010. The clinicopathologic information of the patients was collected in this retrospective analysis. Results: The median overall survival of the patients was 32 months (1 month to 132 months). Luminal A, Luminal B, HER-2 overexpression, and triple-negative patients had a median overall sur-vival of 36 months (4 months to 132 months), 32 months (7 months to 122 months), 29 months (1 month to 85 months), and 24 months (1 month to 98 months), respectively. Univariate analysis showed that lymph node metastases, clinical stage, molecular type, visceral disease, first multiple metastatic sites, and shorter metastasis-free interval were significantly associated with poor outcomes. In multivar-iate analysis, lymph node metastases, clinical stage, molecular type, visceral metastasis, and the number of first metastatic sites were significant predictors of patient survival. Conclusion:Lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, triple-negative breast cancer, and visceral metastasis were used as independent poor prognostic indicators for survival in patients. Results of this study may assist physicians in evaluating the survival potential and determining the appropriate therapeutic strategy for MBC patients.

BACKGROUND:Thoracolumbar fracture often accompanies with the injury of adjacent intervertebral disc. Traditional posterior short-segment fixation does not deal with the injured intervertebral disc, which may be the main reason for kyphosis in patients after surgery.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of injured intervertebral disc on kyphosis angle in patients with single vertebral thoracolumbar fracture after treated with posterior short-segment fixation alone.
METHODS:From January 2009 to June 2014, 40 cases of thoracolumbar fractures were treated in Jinan Central Hospital. They were folowed-up at preoperation, 2 and 12 months after operation and 6 months after internal fixation removal. Data were obtained from X-ray and MRI scanning. According to the preoperative MRI images, cases were assigned to observation group (17 cases) and control group (23 cases) according to injury and non-injury intervertebral disc. Data of vertebral wedge angle, sagittal plane kyphosis, proximal intervertebral disc angle, sagittal index and degeneration classification of proximal intervertebral disc angle from two different groups were analyzed at each folow-up time point (18-30 months, averagely 23.6 months).
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Imaging parameters: sagittal plane kyphosis was significantly severer at 6 months than that at 2 months in both groups (P < 0.05). Sagittal plane kyphosis, proximal intervertebral disc angle and sagittal index were greater in the observation group than in the control group at 12 months after surgery and 6 months after fixator removal (P < 0.05). (2) Degeneration classification of proximal intervertebral disc angle: Pearce degeneration grade of proximal intervertebral disc was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group at 2 months after surgery and 6 months after internal fixation removal (P < 0.05). (3) Results suggested that kyphosis may appear in the patients with thoracolumbar fracture after a posterior short-segment fixation alone, and the injured disc may lead to more severe kyphosis.

This study was aimed to summarize and analyze acupoint selection rule of acupuncture in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in recent years,and to guide acupoint selection and compatibility in clinical practice.Relevant literatures in recent years were retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) full-text database.And then,literatures involving acupuncture prescriptions were summarized.Data were integrated and input.Finally,the SPSS software was combined to analyze the data of acupoint selection in the acupuncture prescription to achieve the conclusion.The results showed that in the acupuncture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea,the main meridian selections were the Ren Meridian and the Spleen Meridian of Foot Taiyin.The generally used acupoints were SP6-Sanyinjiao,RN4-Guanyuan,SPS-Diji,and etc.The multi-point compatibility therapy was used.It was concluded that although the advantages of acupuncture in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea are prominent,the pathogenesis is mainly related to the liver,spleen and kidney,which are recognized by most physicians.However,there are still large differences in acupoint compatibility and acupoint selection.Hence,there are still no unified,scientific and standardized diagnosis and treatment standards.Further exploration should be made to guide clinical practice.

Clinical teaching plays an important role in the education of medical graduate students.In the clinical teaching of the graduate students of burn and plastic surgery,we based it on clinical practice and guided the students in changing their modes of learning and thinking from examination-orientedness to problem solving,from simple vertical to clinical lateral thinking.We made sure that they all acquired innovative ideas and correct methods of clinical research by various academic activities,and cultivated their practical abilities and medical virtues by strict training and moral education.

Objective To investigate the trough and peak vancomycin plasma concentrations in steady-state following regular dosage and to improve dosing regimen based on pharmacokinetic modeling, providing reference for clinical practice in children.Methods we retrospectively analyzed pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in 50 cases admitted in our PICU who had been confirmed or suspected with gram-positive bacterial infections following regular dosage[40 mg /(kg?d)].Then we tried to optimize dosing regimens with Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate different dosing regimens of vancomycin in children.Results with regular dosage of vancomycin,mean trough concentrations of vancomycin were (1 1.02 ±4.44 )mg /L, trough concentrations higher than 15 mg /L accounted for only 12%.In the actual program,the extension of a single intravenous infusion to 3 hours after administration would result in 26% of trough concentrations dis-tributing in the range above 15 mg /L.If we increased daily dose to 50 mg /kg and 60 mg /kg with simulation, the trough concentration distribution frequency above 15 mg /L would increase from 12% to 32% and 40%. If minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin to pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus )was 1 mg/L,the probabilities of target attainment for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation were 51.73%, 76.54% and 87.5% for three dosages [40 mg/(kg?d),50 mg/(kg?d)and 60 mg/(kg?d)]of vancomycin, respectively.we suspected that dosage of 60 mg/(kg?d)was a good choice.with this dosage regimen,we could achieve a substantial increase in the probability of target attainment.Conclusion Following regular dosages, trough concentration distribution frequency from 15 to 20 mg /kg is low.The extension of a single intravenous infusion time can not achieve a good result.According to the result of pathogenic bacteria and anti-microbial susceptibility tests,increasing daily dosage of vancomycin to 60 mg /(kg?d)will help to improve the trough concentration and get more clinic achievements.

Objective To employ 2 approaches to construct and express reconstructed LL-37 (rLL-37) in procaryotic system, and to explore a better preparation method. Methods The first method: the rLL-37 was inserted into vector pET-28a (+), then was induced to express in E.coli. BL21 (DE3) and purified by chromatography; the second method: the rare codons in the rLL-37 gene sequence were substituted by the preferred codons of procaryotic cell, and a fragment of carrier protein molecule (CPM) was added to the N termination of the objective sequence to construct expression plasmid pET-30a(+)-CPM-rLL-37, then the rLL-37 was expressed in E.coli. BL21 Star(DE3) and purified by chromatography. The productive rates of the 2 methods were compared and the antimicrobial effects of obtained rLL-37 was studied. Results The first method: the DNA sequence of rLL-37 was obtained successively by Touch-Down PCR. The expression plasmid pET-30a(+)-CPM-rLL-37 was expressed with fusion protein in E.coli BL21 (DE3). The expression rate accounted for 20% of total bacterio-protein, then the expressed product was purified by using high positive ion exchange column Macro-Prep High S; The second method: a fragment of carrier protein molecule was designed that contained 28 amino-acid residue and its pHi was 2.7, net charge was-6.0 at pH 7.4. After the expression plasmid pET-30a(+)-CPM-rLL-37 was constructed successively, it was expressed in E.coli BL21 Star (DE3). The expressed fusion protein accounted for 35% of total bacterio-protein, then the expressed product was purified by using affinity binding chromatography with TALON resins successfully. The obtained 2 kinds of rLL-37 were able to kill both Gram-negative and-positive bacteria by the means of inhibitory zone. Conclusion It’s feasible to prepare efficiently rLL-37 in procaryotic system, which founds the basis for the further research on bactericidal activity of rLL-37.