Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rubella outbreaks from 1998 to 2006,and to evaluate the effect of rubella control in Jinan.Methods The data from routine report system for infections disease and rubella surveillance system were collected and a descriptive epidemiological analysis were conducted.Results There were 74 rubella outbreaks with 1,212 cases|which accounted for 73.10% (1212/1658)of tolal cases from 1998 to 2006.All outbreaks occurred in native population.The age distribution was dominated by groups of 5-14,15-19,and 20-29 years old,ant they accounted for 50.50%,45.21%,and 3.80% of the total cases respectively.In all outbreak cases,only 0.49% were immunized,93.65% didn't immunized, and 5.86% were unknown.43 outbreaks occurred in middle school.Conclusion The adolescents were key population for rubella outbreak prevention.And the most effective strategy for reducing the incidence of rubella and outbreaks are to keep high quality routine coverage of rubella vaccine.

To evaluate whether different doses of X ray irradiation can induce apoptosis of rat C6 glioma cells. A rat C6 glioma cell was irradiated with X ray in different doses in vitro. Apoptosis was identified by the classical “ladder” pattern (oligonucleosome sized fragments) in DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: The results showed that significant apoptosis was found in 15, 20 or 30 Gy groups at 4 hours and 1 day after X ray irradiation compared with control, whereas this phenomenon could only be seen vaguely in the 40 Gy group. The latter group showed more necrosis than apoptosis. It suggested that the apoptotic mode of cell death and necrosis may represent the response in this X ray irradiated rat C6 glioma cells in vitro.

Objective To evaluate the influence of lumbar disc herniation type on the curative effect of percutaneous lumbar discectomy (PLD). Methods 158 patients were classified into two groups including contained and discontained herniation according to clinical symptoms and diagnostic images. They were treated by meanes of the same technique in nonvascular intervention. Their curative effects were compared with each other in this study. Results The curative and total effective rates were 81.1% and 98.5% respectively in contained group, 7.7% and 38.5% in discontained group without serious complications. The duration of follow up ranged from 3 months to 73 months. Conclusions PLD is a effective procedure for lumbar disc herniation, which is relatively simple and safe with rapid recovery and without serious complications. It should be confirmed in simple contained herniation only.

Objective To investigate the impact of hs-CRP and IVUS on major adverse cardiac event in patients who after coronary artery intermediate lesions stent implantation.Methods 82 patients with clinical diagnosis of coronary heart disease who had a segmental stenosis degree is 40％ ～ 70％ in one major coronary artery on coronary angiography,all of the patients do intravascular ultrasound,patients had minimal lumen area(MLA) of intermediate lesions ≤ 4mm2( the left main coronary artery)or≤ 6mm2( left main coronary artery) who received percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI),and the patients were divided into 2 groups,hs-CRP rise group(≥3mg/L) and hs-CRP normal group(＜3mg/L),compared the rate between the two groups in hospital and follow up periods by typical angina,nonfatal myocardial infarction,cardiac death and target-vessel revascularization and other major adverse cardiac events (MACE).Results The rate on major adverse cardiac event in hs-CRP rise group was significantly higher than the normal group(P ＜0.01 );the restenosis rate in hs-CRP rise group higher than hs-CRP normal group(P ＜0.01 ).Conclusion hs-CRP could predict the rate on major adverse cardiac event in patients with after coronary artery intermediate lesions stent implantation,the patients of hs-CRP rise group should strengthen antiplatelet,anti-inflammatory treatment etc.

Objective To update the knowledge of contact allergy to topical corticosteroids.Methods A total Of 1,822 patients,who Sufiered from inflammatory skin disorders but did not respond well to topical corticosteroids,were enrolled into this study.Patch test was performed on these subjects with corticosteroid allergens,following the standardized rocedures ecommended by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group(ICDRG).Results Of all patients,78(4.28%)had positive patch test.Among the 78 patients,33 were males,45 females,and most were young or middle-aged.During 96-168 hours after the removal of patches,positive results Were observed in 42.31%(33/78)of the patients.Twenty eight patients had anaphy lactic reaction induced by hydrocortisone butyrate,25 by dexamethasone sodium phosphate,and 17 by triam cinolone acetonide.A correlation Between sensitizing glucocorticoids detected by patch testing and adminis trated drugs in clinic was found in 74 cases.ConclusionsContact allergy caused by topical corticosteroids is not rare,and more attention should be paid to this issue in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.

Objective: To investigate the expression difference of TRAIL and its receptors between resting and activated peripheral blood lymphocytes, and to study their role in cellular growth and proliferation. Methods: Expression of TRAIL and its receptors were detected by RT PCR and DNA sequencing. Results: Neither the expression of TRAIL nor its receptors were detected in resting peripheral blood lymphocyte. However, both expression were found in activated peripheral blood lymphocytes of various degree. Conclusion: TRAIL and its receptors may play a role in regulation and control of the activated lymphocytes in immune reaction.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of detecting the mutations of KRAS,EGFR in nonsmall-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer patients with high resolution melting curve analysis. MethodsAt first,the mutations in KRAS exon 2 and EGFR exons 18 to 21 of 5 patients with non-small cell lung cancer and 5 patients with colorectal cancer were detected by high resolution melting curve analysis.Then the results were confirmed with direct sequencing. ResultsBy high resolution melting curve analysis,1 of 10 patients was found to carry EGFR 19 mutation who was harboring 2236-2250del mutation.By direct sequencing,consistent results of the patients with mutations orwithout mutations were got. Conclusion s The new high resolution melting curve analysis was more efficient,more convenient than direct sequencing.Moreover,it was a low-cost test,which was suitable for clinic test.

Objective To observe the changes of S-opsin expression in guinea pigs with flickering light-induced and form-deprived myopia,and to investigate the causes.Methods Thirty-six two-week-old healthy guinea pigs were randomly assigned to three groups:Flickering light-induced myopia group(FLM group,n=13),form-deprived myopia group(FDM group,n=12) and control group(n=11).For the FLM group,the cages were equipped with astroboscope(0.5 Hz),and LEDs were used as the light source.The right eyes of the guinea pigs in FDM group wore translucent goggles which did not interfere with the normal activity of their eyelids.No special treatment was given to the guinea pigs in the normal groups.All measurements were performed prior to and then after 6 weeks of treatment.The first measurement day was recorded as 0 week.Biological parameters,such as the refraction,axial length(AL) and corneal radius of curvature(CRC),were measured and fundus photography is performed before and after 6 weeks of the treatment.The expression of S-opsin was observed and analyzed by immunofluorescence technique and image analysis system.Results Before the treatment,no significant difference was found in three biometric measurements including refraction,AL and CRC between the groups at 0 week(P>0.05).After the treatment for 6 weeks,significant differences were found in changes of both the biometric measurements between the FLM and control groups,and between the FDM and control groups(P<0.05).However,no significant differences were found in the changes of CRC among the FLM,FDM and control groups(P=0.358),indicating that myopia models were established successfully.No significant differences were found in the changes of values of refraction,AL and CRC between the FLM and FDM groups(P>0.05).Expression of S-opsin differed in the FLM and FDM groups.For the mean gray values of green channel,compared with the control group respectively,significant differences were found in both the FLM and FDM group(P<0.001).The mean gray value of green channel of the FLM group was higher,however the mean gray value of green channel of the FDM group was lower.Conclusions Both guinea pig models of flickering light-induced and form-deprived myopia can be established successfully.S-opsin is increased in the flickering light-induced myopia model and decreased in the form-deprived myopia model,indicating that the mechanisms of formation of these two experimental myopia models may be different.

Objective To review the long-term oncologic and functional outcomes of surgical treatment for pelvic chondrosarcoma at a single institution to further delineate surgical strategy of resection and function reconstruction.Methods All of 165 patients with pelvic chondrosarcoma that had been surgically treated between July 2000 and Dec 2013 were reviewed retrospectively.There were 102 male and 63 female patients who had a mean age of 43.5 (range,13 to 75) years.The resection type included Type T 16,type Ⅱ 18,type Ⅲ 11,type Ⅰ+Ⅱ 19,type Ⅱ+Ⅲ 63,type Ⅰ+Ⅳ 15,type Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ 10 and type Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ 13 cases.The pathology diagnosis was grade Ⅰ in 15,grade Ⅱ in 88,grade Ⅲ in 20,dedifferentiated in 28,mesenchymal in 12 and clear cell chondrosarcoma in 2 patients.Nine cases were secondary lesion following multiple exostoses.114 patients received no previous treatment while others were referred due to recurrent tumor.En bloc resection was achieved in 142 patients and intralesional resection in 23 cases.Twelve patients had a hemipelvectomy to achieve local tumor control,whereas 153 patients underwent a limb-salvage procedure.Spinal screw-rod system was used to reconstruct anterior pelvic ring after ilium resection.Modular hemipelvic endoprosthesis was utilized to reconstruct periacetabular defect after tumor resection while no reconstruction was performed after ischium and pubis resection.Results The median duration of follow-up was 54.1 (range,l0 to 159) months.147 (89.1％) patients were alive at the final follow-up,seven of which were alive with tumor.The estimated 5-year survival was 81.5％.Thirty-three patients (20％) had local recurrence,and twenty (12.1％) had lung metastasis.Recurrent case,sacroiliac joint involvement and intralesional resction were three risk factors for postoperative recurrence.Patients who received type Ⅱ+Ⅲ resection and reconstruction had a mean functional score of 23 according to MSTS 93.The mean MSTS 93 for patients with type Ⅰ+Ⅱ and type Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ resection and reconstruction was 18.The wound complication rate was 15.8％.Two aseptic loosening and 2 pubic connection plate breakage were observed in hemipelvic endoprosthesis reconstruction.Conclusion Tumor grade correlates with overall or disease-free survival.For low-grade chondrosarcoma,adequate surgical margin can provide long-term local control while for high-grade cases,distant metastasis is the main case of treatment failure.Adequate surgical margin can be achieved in cases with acetabulum involved.However,aggressive surgical resection of pelvic chondrosarcoma still remains as a challenge for orthopaedic oncologists when the tumor invades the iliosacral joint,which necessitates careful preoperative plan and skilled surgical techniques.

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of various spectrum lasers in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Methods Based on the principles and methods of Cochrane systematic reviews, we searched the Cochrane Library (2009, 6 issues), PubMcd, Embase, China Biomedical Literature Database, China Journal Full Text Database, Chinese Scientific Journals Full Text Database. Retrieval time was up to June, 2009. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lasers for acne vulgaris were included. Results Twelve RCTs totaling 367 patients were included. Because the lack of clinical homogeneity, only descriptive analysis was conducted. Acne lesion counts improved significantly with laser therapy. Adverse effects were limited to transient erythema and edema at treatment sites. Treatment-related pains were well tolerated. Conclusions Current evidence demonstrates that all type lasers in treating acne vulgaris is safe and efficacy. However, higher quality RCT research would be needed to verify the effects and status of lasers on acne vulgaris.