Gastrodin (GAS) is the major bioactive component of the extracts from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume. The aim of this study is to investigate the transport of GAS in Caco-2 cells and the interaction of P-glycoprotein and GAS. The apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of GAS were measured as a function of directions and concentrations. It was demonstrated that the efflux ratio was < 2.0 over the range of 50-500 micromol x L(-1) of GAS from bi-directional transport studies. The transport rate of GAS was dependent on the concentrations. Papp of GAS was not affected by transport directions, GAS concentration or the classical inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (verapamil and GF 120918). The cellular accumulation of GAS in Bcap37/MDR1 cells transected with hMDR1 gene, was similar to that in Bcap37 cells. The accumulation in both cell lines was concentration dependent. GAS did not affect the accumulation of Rhodamine 123 in Bcap37/MDR1 cells over the range of 50-500 micromol x L(-1). It indicated that the transport of GAS in Caco-2 cell monolayers mainly is by passive paracellular transport pathway. P-glycoprotein did not participate in the absorption of GAS in the intestine or the transport across the blood-brain barrier.

Objective To investigate the general rules and features of drug adverse reaction induced by Reduning injection inorder to provide reference for clinical rational administration.Methods The literatures about the advers reaction induced by Reduning injection published from 2008 -2014 in China were retrieved.The articles were analysed using literature metrology methods.Results 25 articles related to 282 individual cases were retrieved. The adverse reactions were related to sexuality and drug combination.Children were the high risk group.Incidence rate of the adverse reaction of boys was much higher than that of girls.Combination with antibacterials might increase the incidence rate of adverse reaction.The major clincal manifestation was the adverse reaction of dermal system (208 case)and anaphylactic response (36 case).Anaphylactic shock was the serious reaction in clinical (11 case). Conclusion Clinician and pharmacists should understand the rules and characteristic of adverse reaction caused by reduning injection.Using drug must according to the direction in clinical.It must pay more attention to medication mo-nitoring in order to reduce the occurrence of drug adverse reaction.

Objective:To observe the clinical effects of oral Tedral SA on the elderly patients with sinus bradycardia. 　　Methods:Tedral SA(1/2 to one tablet/day in two divided doses)was administered orally to 14 elderly patients with sinus bradycardia.Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring was performed before and one month after oral Tedral SA. 　　Results:After oral Tedral SA,resting heart rate of 14 patients was maitained between 50 to 70 beats/min.The minimum heart rates before and during therapy has significant difference statistically(34.93±2.79 vs.44.21±2.91,p＜0.001).The heart rate during oral Tedral SA was significantly increased.A few patients complained of palpitation,which disappeared as the dosage of Tedral SA was decreased.Subjective symptoms associated with sinus bradycardia such as dizziness,faintness disappeared completely in 14 patients. 　　Conclusion:Tedral SA was a effective and safe drug for treatment of elderly patients with severe sinus bradycardia.

Based on the word-formation of Medical English terms,this paper gives a comprehensive analysis of their transformation and adaptation in Chinese language and culture.Three major factors are discussed for the application and diversification of medical English terms,including the language family in translation,linguistic context,situational context and cultural context.

Objective To explore the repaired effects of autotransplantation of bone marrow-derived neural stem cells (BMSCs) on hippocampus of epilepsy rats.Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into groups normal control (NC),graft and non-graft .Under sterile condition, the BMSCs of rats were isolated, and under specific condition the BMSCs were cultured to induce and differentiate into neural stem cells(NSCs). Then the models of temporal lobe epilepsy were established in groups graft and non-graft , and the NSCs were autotransplanted into the right hippocampus of rats of graft group. The morphological changes of the hippocampus were observed at 1,2 ,4,8,16 weeks after the transplantation respectively.Results The number of hippocampal CA3 pyramid cells of groups non-graft and graft significantly decreased than that in NC group(all P

Objective To observe clinical effect of treating bedsore with myijinhuang powder. Methods 35 patients with bedsore were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group. The treatment group was treated with ruyijinhuang powder, and the control group was treated with routine western medicine. The clinical effect was observed in both groups. Results The clinical total effective rate in the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05) . Conclusion The treatment of bedsore with ruyihuangjin powder has good effect.

To explore the feasibility of culture and identification of neural stem cells (NSCs) from ependyma, subventricular zone and cotex of fetal and adult rat respectively, and to make the basis for treatment of degenerative diseases with NSCs transplantation, all the seed cells derived from ependyma, subventricular zone and cotex were isolated from both fetal and adult SD rat, respectively. They were then cultured, induced to differentiation and subcultured continuously in a "CYTOKINE NSCs culture medium". Identification was carried out using Nestin, NSE and GFAP antibodies for differentiated NSCs, neuron and neuroglials, respectively. The seed cells from these four locations proliferated rapidly under some corresponding conditions, and formed "neurologic spheres", which consisted of many cells and expressed Nestin antigen. After continuous culture and subculture, NSCs might divide and proliferate further. Some NSCs buds developed processes and formed nerve fibers further, while the soma enlarged into the cells with "long processes", which connected or crisscrossed with each other, and were confirmed as neurons and neuroglias by immunocytochemistry. Seed cells from fetal rats might generate more NSCs than those from adult rats, and those from ependyma and subventricular zone produced more NSCs than those from cortex. There was no special morphological difference between ependyma NSCs and cortex NSCs. It is suggested that NSCs existed not only in ependyma and cotex of fetal SD rat, but also in the subventricular zone and cotex of adult SD rat. Fetal rat nerve tissue possesses much more NSCs than adult one.

To study the growth, expansion and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) of rhesus monkey, the BMSC were isolated from adult rhesus monkeys, cultured and induced with a special medium confected in our lab. Identification was performed with immunochemichemistry method. The results showed that BMSC could proliferate and generate clone when culturing in vitro. These cells grow rapidly and differentiated into neuron like cells and astrocyte like cells. The cell clones proliferated from stem cell could express Nestin antigen and the differentiated cells expressing GFAP or NSE antigen respectively. In this study, we did not observe RA, BFGF and EGF remarkably influencing the induction and differentiation of the BMSC. It is suggested that the BMSC from rhesus monkey have the self renewal and differentiation abilities. They might differentiate into neuron like and astrocyte like cells which express GFAP or NSE. As available easily, the BMSC could be considered as the ideal seed cells of the neural stem cells.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the literatures on grand mal epilepsy caused by levocarnitine,explore the causes of seizures, the clinical features and treatment measures in order to provide guidance for rational use of drug. METHODS: Included studies retrieved from CNKI and VIP in china journal of medicine from 1999～2009.Based on a grand mal epilepsy case caused by levocarnitine for Injection in our hospital, cases of grand mal epilepsy caused by levocarnitine reported in literatures were analyzed comprehensively. RESULTS: The clinical information of grand mal epilepsy cases reported in our hospital and literatures were analyzed as well as past medical history, usage and dosage, onset time, treatment method and efficacy. All patients were in the process of irrigation of Levocarnitine showed the typical clinical manifestations of grand mal epilepsy, after active treatment were both mitigation. CONCLUSION: The adverse reaction that grand mal epilepsy is caused by levocarnitine is rare,and pathogenesis is not clear but clinicians should pay attention to it.

Objective To determine enantiomeric impurity of etomidate using high performance liquid chromatography. Methods (R)-etomidate and (S)-etomidate were isopropanol-n-hexane. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.5mL/min. The detected wavelength was 242nm. Results (R)-etomidate and (S)-etomidate could be separated completely under these conditions. The precision of (R)-etomidate was 1.57% (n=3). The limit of detection of (R)-etomidate was 4.25ng/mL. The average percentage content of (S)-etomidate was 0.09% in the samples. Conclusion The method was repeatable and sufficiently sensitive to determine the enantiomeric impurity of etomidate. It allows the quantitation of the impurities at the 0.085% (w/w) level relative to etomidate at a concentration of the test solution of 5mg/mL.