The metabolic activity of terpenoids not only have a grant effect on normal growth of tomato plants,but also have a great influence on the quality and colour of the fruits.Most terpenoids belong to the carotenoids,which are synthesized through terpenoid pathway.Three acety-CoAs are condensated into one mevalonate (MVA),which will be phosphorylated into diphosphate,then turn into isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) through decarboxylation.IPP will be isomerased into dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) by IPP isomerase (IPPI).Geranyl Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) catalyze the reaction for DMAPP and IPP.One DMAPP and three IPP molecules condensedinto one GGPP.Two GGPP polymerize into one phytoene by phytoene synthase (PSY).Phytoene desaturase (PDS) catalyze the phytoene into ζ-carotene,which catalyzed into lycopene by ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS).Lycopene βcyclase (LCYb) and lycopene ε cyclase (LCYe) catalyze the lycopene turn into α-carotene and β-carotene after cyclization reaction.The lutein will be combined after two step of hydroxylation.The latest research advances in terpeniods biosynthesis pathway are summarized in this review and foreground of the field is prospected.

As the structure of shoulder joint is complex, proper method s should be adopted to treat the injured shoulder joint according to the type an d position of the trauma. Conservative treatment has been widely used to treat t he slightly displaced or stable fractures (including those of the proximal humer us, clavicle and shoulder blade), and most of the fresh dislocations of shoulder joint and acromioclavicular joint if the injuries are not serious. As for the o bvious unstable shoulder fractures, recurrent dislocation of shoulder joint, sev ere dislocation of acromioclavicular joint, dislocation of shoulder joint accomp anied with fracture, and rotator cuff tear, an operation should usually be the r ight choice. In either conservative or operative treatment, earlier systematic f unctional rehabilitation should be widely used in order to achieve satisfactory functional recovery of should joint.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the methods of drug purchase management and drug use monitoring in our hospital,and to provide reference for drug management in hospitals.METHODS: Sunshine Project of New Drug Purchase and scientific selection methods for contract drugs were carried out in order to control the quality of drugs and monitor the whole process of new drugs.RESULTS: 82 kinds of new drugs were purchased in our hospital since 2005 and 1 500 kings of drugs were voted by randomly selected experts to apply in the clinic.The consumption sum of drugs in our hospital were controlled within 500 million yuan,and the drug use was basically rational.CONCLUSIONS: Methods for new drugs purchase and use in our hospital can promote rational use of drugs in the clinic.

As a powerful intervention to protect ischemic tissues,ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been a hot spot due to its greatly potential clinical values throughout the past decades.From the triggers and cell-membrane receptors to intracellular signal molecules and mitochondrial signal chains,we inquire in this review the common points and relativities on the signaling transduction of IPC by conferring the cardio-and neuro-protection mechanisms of IPC.

Objective To study the effects of glucosamine sulfate on nitric oxide(NO)production induced by interleukin(IL)-1β in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes(HOC),and explore the possible mechanism.Methods Chondrocytes were harvested from 10 osteoarthritis patients undergoing total knee replacement(TKR)operation.Human recombinant IL-1β(5 μg/L)and glucosamine sulfate GS in different concentrations(0.2 mmol/L,2.0 mmol/L,20.0 mmol/L)were administrated into cell culture medium for 24 h.The content of NO was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The mRNA and protein expression of inductive nitric oxide synthetase(iNOS)were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot,respectively.Results Stimulation of HOC with IL-1β enhanced production of NO and expressions of iNOS mRNA and protein(t=-14.81,-45.38,all P＜0.01).Pretreatment with 2.0 and 20.0 mmol/L GS showed a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1β induced NO production(F=12.43,P＜0.05)and the expression levels ofiNOSmRNA(F=142.28,P＜0.05)and protein(F=78.08,P＜0.01).20.0 mmol/L GS alone did not influence NO production(t =-0.17,P＞ 0.05).Conclusions GS may inhibit the synthesis of NO induced by IL-1β in HOC through down-regulate mRNA and protein expressions of iNOS.

Objective To evaluate the result of open rotator cuff repair and to identify potential preoperative or intraoperative factors that could affect the outcome.Methods 43 cases(44 shoulders)with rotator cuff tear who undergone open repair surgery between May 1987 and October 2002 were retrospectively studied.There were 31 shoulders ruptured in supraspinatus, 9 shoulders in supraspinatus and infraspinatus,3 shoulders in supraspinatus and subscapulafis and 1 in supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis.And there were 13 shoulders torn with small size, 18 shoulders with middle size, 10 shoulders with large size and 3 shoulders with massive size.Ruptured rotator cuff was repaired with tendon to bone suture in 25 shoulders,with tendon to tendon suture in 7 shoulders, and combined suture in 11 shoulders.One shoulder was repaired by deltoid transfer.After an average 88.2-month-long follow-up(from 52 to 250 months),we evaluate the postoperative shoulder function with University of California at Los Angeles(UCLA)score.The patient's subject satisfaction was assayed by visual analogue scale (VAS).The risk factors as age, sex,dominant side, trauma history,preoperative duration and tear size were analyzed.Results The average UCLA score was 11.5±2.8 preoperatively and 29.7±5.3 at follow-up, with 36 shoulders reaching excellent or good and 2 shoulders ranking poor.According to VAS,the subject satisfaction rate was as high as 89%,being positively related to UCLA score significantly(r=0.72,P＜0.01).Preoperative duration(r=-0.332,P=0.028)and tear size(r=-0.404,P=-0.007)was negatively relative with surgical results.Age,sex,dominant side,trauma history had no effect on prognosis.Conclusion Open rotator cuff repair could acquire satisfying outcome.Preoperative duration and tear size was negatively relative with surgical results.

Objective To determine the sensitivity and accuracy of CT do ub le-contrast arthrography (CTA) in detecting underlying soft-tissue and bony abno rmalities of recurrent anterior glenohumeral dislocations. Methods From March 19 90 to May 2003, 31 patients with the signs and symptoms of recurrent anterior in stability, which were 23 males and 8 females with an average age of 26.7 years ( ranging, 22 to 46 years), were recruited for the study. All patients suffered fr om more than three times of glenohumeral dislocations, underwent CT arthrography after intraarticular injection of air and radiographic contrast medium before o peration. The surgical procedures included open Bristow operation in 25, Bankart operation in 3, Putti-Platt operation in 2, and a combination of Bankart and ca psular tightness operation by arthroscopy in 1. Each patient also underwent arth roscopy or open surgery and the observations were compared with CTA. Results Les ions of labrum and capsulo-ligamentous complex were the two most common abnormal ities demonstrated by surgical findings, which were respectively found in 28 and 20 patients at surgery. Anterior glenoid labral abnormalities, including of tea r, detachment, degeneration, were detected on CTA in 26 of 28, 2 of glenoid labr al degeneration were undetected on CTA, and the accuracy rate diagnosis on CTA w as 93.5%, while the sensitivity of CTA was 92.8%. Capsular lesions, including of marked medial scapular insertion, glenoid marginal stripping, and loss of inter vening scapular marginal soft tissues, were detected on CTA in 19 of 20, 1 of ca psular glenoid marginal stripping was undetected on CTA, and the accuracy rate d iagnosis on CTA was 87.1%, while, the sensitivity of CTA was 95%. Subscapularis tendon abnormalities, including of tears and irregularities, were visualized in 7 cases on CTA, but only 4 of which were identified during surgery. Furthermore, all of 15 Hill-Sachs defects, 6 Bankart bony defects, and 1 rupture of supraspi natus tendon suggested by CTA, were identified during surgery. For 26 of the pat ients with above kinds of lesion resulting in recurrent anterior glenohumeral di slocation, the accuracy rate of diagnosis was 83.7%. Conclusion The utilization of CT double-contrast arthrography can improve the understanding of multiple les ions associated with recurrent shoulder dislocation, it is contributed to select proper operative procedure.

Objective To report our experience on closure of patent arterial duct using Hem-o-lok polymer ligating clip under a direct vision.Methods From May 2001 to May 2007,84 patients with cast patent arterial duct were treated with Hem-o-lok polymer ligating clips.Under a direct vision,the clips were placed to close the patent arterial duct through a small left subaxillary incision.Results The mean operation time was 42 minutes(ranged from 30 to 60).No intraoperative bleeding occurred in this series.After the operation,heart murmur disappeared in all the patients and none of them died.They were followed up for 2 to 50 months(mean 28 months),during which no residual shunting or recanalization occurred.Conclusion It is microinvasive and safe to close patent arterial duct by using Hem-o-lok polymer ligating clip.

AIM:To explore the surgical effect of total hip joint replacement on the severe degenerative arthritis secondary to congenital hip dysplasia.METHODS:The experiment was carried out in the Department of pedics,General Hospital of Chinese PLA between June 1998 and December 2005.①116 adult patients(128 hips) with arthritis secondary to dysplastic hip received total hip replacement,including 13 males(15 hips) and 113 females(106 hips),aged from 16 to 66 years(average of 42.6 years).According to Crowe classification system,there were 57 cases(60 hips) of typeⅠ,20(23 hips) of typeⅡ,16(20 hips) of type Ⅲ and 23(25 hips) of type Ⅳ.②The acetabula were reconstructed at the true acetabular location.Except one case,all patients were given biological fixation of cementless acetabular cups including 83 hips with routine total hip replacement,and 27 hips with smaller cup;11 hips with routine total hip replacement after granular bone grafting,and 7 hips with a smaller cup after autologous femoral grafting on the superior margin of acetabula.119 biological prostheses were used to reconstruct the femoral cups including 4 common cemented shafts,6 long cemented shafts,and 4 S-ROM prostheses.③Harris hip score was adopted to evaluate the hip function,and X-ray photographs were used to observe the location of prostheses.RESULTS:①The Harris hip scores increased from 38.5 preoperatively to 88.5 postoperatively.②No prosthesis displacement,dislocation of hip joint or repair was found in patients,and the length of treated limbs meanly prolonged by 2.3 cm.Additionally,the incision healed primarily.③Radiographically,the positions of the prostheses were normal,and the bone grafts fused with the host bone successfully.The average bone coverage was 95%(90%-100%);radiolucentline was observed at between the acetabular cup and host acetabula in 2 cases,and 1 at femur.④Adverse effects:Sciatic nerve tension injury was found in 1 case and recovered in 4 months,the femoral nerve tension injury in 1 case and recovered in 3 months,and hip rest pain remained in 4 cases.CONCLUSION:In the treatment of arthritis secondary to dysplastic hip with total hip replacement,it is better to reconstruct the acetabulum at the true acetabular location.Moreover,the individualized appropriate selection of femoral prostheses is a key factor to obtain good curative effects.

Objective To observe the reparative response and expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) protein in the rotator cuff subjected to subacromial impingement. Methods Subacromial impingement of the infraspinatus tendon was experimentally created in 50 male SD rats by thickening the undersurface of the acromion with one platelike bony transplantation of the ipsilateral scapular spine. The contralateral shoulders that had undergone a sham operation were used as controls. The rats were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 th day, the whole shoulder joint was removed for detecting bFGF protein and the reparative response in the impinged infraspinatus tendon. Computer image analysis system were used to monitor the expression intensity and numbers of positive cells of bFGF protein. The OD scores and the size of area represent the expression intensity and numbers of positive cells respectively. Results All rats with experimental subacromial impingement showed an infraspinatus tear on the bursal side of the tendon. The shoulders in the control group were found intact without any alteration. There was proliferating cells in the fragmented tendons and vascularised connective tissue covering the area of ruptured area, whose source was the subacromial bursa. Few tenocytes and bursal cells expressed bFGF protein in unwounded tendons. In contrast, tendons subjected to impingement exhibited an increased signal for bFGF protein in both resident tenocytes concentrated along the epitenon and infiltrating fibroblasts and inflammatory cells from the subacromial bursa. Conclusion The bFGF protein is upregulated during tendon healing and the subacromial bursa is the main source of both bFGF secreting and rotator cuff repair; one should preserve as much as possible the subacromial bursa.