Smoking remains a main cause of preventable death worldwide.The World Health Organization strategizes the implementation of tobacco control through primary care services.A community-based primary care (COPC) service fully considering social,environmental and life style influence on health,combines individual medical service and population based intervention.COPC guided smoking cessation intervention program is introduced with safety,convenience and cost-effectiveness,and it is an important approach to promote bealth among smoking population.

BACKGROUND:There are numerous studies about mechanical changes of recast cobalt-chromium ceramic al oys. However, little is reported on the mechanical properties of cobalt-chromium ceramic al oys containing once-used al oys after recasts.
OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of different proportion of once-used al oys to recasting cobalt-chromium al oys on their mechanical properties, including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and hardness.
METHODS:Cobalt-chromium al oys cast samples were prepared and recast for three times (40%once-used al oys were added per time). The tensile strength, 0.2%yield strength, percentage of elongation, flexural strength and Vickers hardness of each specimen were measured. In addition, microscopic metal ographic observation was done.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Being recast for three times, cobalt-chromiun al oys showed no significant differences on their tensile strength, 0.2%yield strength, percentage of elongation, flexural strength and Vickers hardness. GenerationⅠal oy samples had uniform size, smal diameter and smal carbide size distributing along the grain boundary, mainly exhibiting spherical and irregular wormlike forms. Generations Ⅱ and Ⅲ samples were uniform in shape, but crystal grains were coarsened a little. Carbide from Generation IV samples began to be coarsened, irregular wormlike carbides were increased in amount, and a few of non-metal ic inclusions could be found in grains. Cobalt-chromium al oys can be recast after addition of 40%once-used al oys for three times at least in air environment, without decrease of the mechanical properties.

Biological evaluation is a critical approach by which the quality standardization of traditional Chinese medicines can be linked to the clinical efficacy and safety, which has become an important aspect in the develop-ment of quality standardization of Chinese medicines. In this article, the necessity and feasibility of the biological e-valuation research were analyzed. Further, the main progress achieved as well as the major problems about the re-search and applications of the biological evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines were discussed, to bring forward a point for consideration or discussion.

0.05). CONCLUSION:The treatment of the Tile C type pelvic fracture with the percutaneous iliosacral articulation screws and pelvis external fixation under X-ray perspective has the advantages including small wound,simple operation,reliable fixation,short operation time,quick reactivating and low operation infection rate.

Microbes are important composition of ecology system. Nowadays it's very important to study the microbial diversity and community structure, especially in water bioremediation by microbiological resources. Modern molecular biology techniques provide effective methods to study the microbial ecosystem in aqua. Several techniques were summarized, including 16S rDNA clone library, DGGE (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis), RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and T-RFLP (Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), while their application to analyze water microbial diversity were introduced.

To study the mechanisms of total flavonoid from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (TFGR) and its ingredient isoliquiritigenin (ISL) on their regulation of M2 phenotype polarization of macrophages. IL-4 (60 μg x L(-1)) induced RAW264.7 cells for 6 h to establish the M2 macrophage model. TFGR and ISL restrained breast cancer cells migration with the aid of M2 macrophages in vitro. TFGR and ISL inhibited gene and protein expression of Arg-1, up-regulated gene of HO-1 and protein expression of iNOS, enhanced the expression of microRNA 155 and its target gene SHIP1, meanwhile down-regulated.the phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT6. So TFGR and ISL were the bioactive fraction and ingredient in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma to reverse M2 phenotype macrophages polarization. TFGR and ISL inhibited the promotion of M2 macrophages to breast cancer cells migration in vitro, STAT signal pathways and miR155 were partly involved.
Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Cell Polarity ; drug effects ; Chalcones ; pharmacology ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Glycyrrhiza ; chemistry ; Interleukin-4 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Macrophages ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Mice ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Rhizome ; chemistry

Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fatigue ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Medical Staff, Hospital ; statistics & numerical data ; Sampling Studies

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza, Human ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Male ; Prognosis

Gout ; therapy ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods

OBJECTIVETo assess the temperature variation of the root surface using Nd: YAG laser irradiation in the root canal with different power and to evaluate the safety of laser application on the periodontal region.

METHODSThirty extracted human teeth with single-roots were collected. The teeth were cross-sectioned in the cervical portion, standardizing the roots at a 12-mm length. The roots were used as specimen. The roots were radiographed in the buccal-lingual direction to measure the thickness of the proximal walls, by means of a digital radiographic system. The specimens were divided into three groups according to the laser potency (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 W). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to laser frequency (15 and 30 Hz). With the Nd: YAG laser irradiation for 20 s, the temperature variation of the root surface was monitored by thermocouples located at different parts of the root external wall and recorded by digital thermometers.

RESULTSThe groups irradiated with 4.5 W presented the greatest temperature variation (above 10°C), followed by 3.0 and 1.5 W. The temperatures were statistically different (P < 0.01). The groups irradiated in the same potency, regardless of whether 15 Hz or 30 Hz was used, presented with no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The apical half of the root presented statistically higher temperature rises than the cervical half of the root (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe temperature variation of the root surface was associated with laser power, irradiation time, and the thickness of dentin. Application of Nd: YAG laser in the root at 1.5 W for 20 s can safely be used in endodontic treatment.