China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Health

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Bacterial Infections ; diagnosis ; therapy ; China ; Communicable Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Cross Infection ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; therapeutic use ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; therapeutic use ; Infant, Newborn ; Sepsis ; diagnosis ; therapy

Objective To study the morphological structure and the hemodynamics of peribiliary vascular plexus(PVP) of hepatic portal bile duct in rat in vivo,so as to provide an experimental method and accumulate data for further study on the bile duct complications occuring after liver transplantation,operations for bile duct stenosis and other hepatobiliary diseases.Methods Forty SD rats were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups: the control group and the ink-injection group(n=20),microcirculation laser scan confocal microscopy was used to observe the morphological structure and the hemodynamic features of PVP on rat′s hepatic portal bile duct after the bile duct was stained with indocyanine green and the hepatic artery was perfused with ink.Results Morphologically it was showed that PVP were comprised of three layers: the spatial structure of PVP appeared dentriform from outer layer to intermediate layer,and then transformed into a network from intermediate layer to inner layer.The outer layer vessels seemed to be dendritic and located within the ductal wall at 0-60?m scanning from the adventitia,and the branches appeared sparse and straight.The diameter of artery and vein was very different.The vessels of intermediate layer showed as an intricate network and located within the ductal wall in the depth of 40-80?m,and the ranification was rich and tortuous.Inner layer vessels adjacent to the intima appeared to be a plenus in hexagons with 120? intersect angles and uniform diameter.Hemodynamics showed that the flow rate in the artery was higher than that in the vein of PVP.Conclusion The technique,employing microcirculation laser scan confocalmicroscopy,to observe the morphological structure and the hemodynamic features of PVP,may reveal the morphological structure and hemodynamic features limpidly,both macroscopically and dynamically.It can be used as an important tool for the study of bile duct complications after liver transplantation,bile duct stenosis or other hepatobiliary diseases.

Objective To investigate the residual functions in the hepatic lobe with deprivation of bile duct by observation of histomorphological and functional changes in the hepatic cells in a rat model. Methods The right hepatic bile ducts of rats were obstructed with cyanoacrylate and then ligated two weeks after the left and caudate lobes were removed. The lobus quadratus hepatis served as self-control with or without portal vein ligation. The venous blood from individualized liver lobe was examined and histological observation was done to examine the histomorphological and functional changes in the hepatic cells. Results Compared to the controls of both sham operation and untreated lobe, the hepatic lobe with bile ducts deprived did not undergo atrophy significantly with few ultrastructural changes. The hepatocytes of the hepatic lobe with bile duct deprived contained plenty of mitochondria, ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum when observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results of periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed normal glycogen metabolism in the hepatic cells. No significant decrease was detected in the serum albumin and fibrinogen concentrations by examination of blood collected from vein of this liver lobe with deprivation of bile ducts. Conclusions The liver lobes with bile ducts deprived retain most of the liver functions such as protein synthesis and nutrition metabolism, and show no atrophy during the observation period. It is suggested that the hepatic lobes with bile duct deprived still possess the value of preservation. The present study has founded a theoretic basis for remaining the remaining liver lobes with bile duct deprived or ligated in some emergency and specific clinical situations.

The absorption process is an important factor in determining the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. however, the absorption mechanism of many drugs is not clear. Caco-2 cell model is the best in vitro absorption model nowadays. It is widely used in the research on drug absorption process and absorption mechanism, especially in the aspect of traditional Chinese medicine absorption, the use of Caco-2 cell model has become the hot spot recently. Mo- reover, Caco-2 cell model is also applied in the research on drug metabolism. Therefore, Caco-2 cell model will become an important method in the research of drug absorption, and will be helpful to accelerate the process of new drug screening and development.

Action Potentials ; drug effects ; Animals ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Neurons ; drug effects ; physiology ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology

Animals ; Cocaine ; pharmacology ; Habenula ; drug effects ; physiology ; Neurons ; drug effects ; physiology ; Pain Threshold ; drug effects ; Rats

Objective To discuss some problems about current learning objectives for the speciality of clinical medicine in China,including the concepts,the decision-making systems and value-orientation,and to provide the reference for stipulating the learning objectives in future. Methods The objectives of some Chinese medical universities were collected from their websites.Some medical educators were consulted about their feelings about these learning objectives,and also were asked to identify their own objectives. Results Medical educators failed to distinguish their own objectives,and there were four main problems in current learning objectives: generalization,similarity and lack of individuality,difficulty in guide the curricula and teaching,and setting up too high object. Conclusion The learning objectives in clinical medicine should reflect both specialty characteristic and university individuality,so they should be drawn up by teachers,students and educatirnal administrators,moreover their value orientation should be eligible standard,not excellence.

0.05).Conclusion There may be no significant difference in sensory block,motor block and prevalence of adverse effects between injection rates of 0.27 mL/s and 0.04 mL/s in spinal anesthesia with 20 mg isobaric ropivacaine.