Autophagy is a crucial biological process of eukaryotes, which is involved in cell growth, survival and energy metabolism, while the premise of the autophagy function is activated autophagic flux. It has been confirmed that impaired autophagic flux promotes pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory diseases, especially cancer, neurodegenerative disease and tissue fibrosis, therefore the analysis of autophagic flux state is important for revealing autophagy function and the mechanism of autophagy related diseases. Given that autophagy is a dynamic process with multiple steps, it is very hard to observe the real state of autophagic flux. Summarized here is the novel concept and current approach to detect autophagic flux. This knowledge is crucial for the researching of the biological function of autophagy, and may provide some strategies for developing autophagy-related drug.
Autophagy ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; pathology ; Neoplasms ; pathology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; pathology

Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported ; Humans ; Oral Hygiene ; Quality of Life

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value and therapeutic effect of laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy in patients with tubal infertility.Methods A total of 133 patients with tubal infertility were treated by laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy in our hospital from September 2004 to December 2007.All the cases were diagnosed by hysterosalpingography(HSG) and hysteroscopy.Results Totally 225 fallopian tubes were examined in the 133 patients,among which 180 tubes were completely occluded,57 were partially occluded,and 18 were patent.After the surgeries,211 tubes wee patent,24 were partially blocked,while 20 were still occluded.The success rate of the operations was 81.4%(193/237).Follow-up was achieved in 92 patients for 4 to 18 months,in the cases,30 were pregnant during the period(pregnancy rate: 32.6%).Of the 30 cases,2 women had tubal pregnancy;22 women were pregnant in 6 months after the treatments,and the other 8 were pregnant in 6-12 months after the operations.In this group of patients,the pregnancy rate in the women with both patent fallopian tubes was 26.1%(24/92),and in those with single patent fallopian tube was 6.5%(6/92).The pregnancy rate in patients with simple tubal infertility was 22.8%(21/92),while that of those who were complicated with tubal diseases was 9.8%(9/92).Conclusion Laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy can accurately diagnose tubal infertility,and improve the therapeutic effect.

Z-Ligustilide, a major phthalide isolated from a widely used traditional Chinese medicine Ligusticum chuanxiong, possesses various pharmacological activities including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and vasorelaxing effects. However, it is unstable and inclined to degrade in natural conditions, which limits its study and application greatly. In this study, degradation behavior of Z-ligustilide and its degradation products stored at room temperature under direct sunlight were investigated and structure elucidated by HPLC-UV, UPLC-QTOF-MS and NMR. Z-ligustilide degradation and total five degradation products were generated and detected. Two degradation products were unequivocally identified as senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H by comparison with reference compounds. Another two degradation products were further isolated by semi-preparative HPLC and structure elucidated as (E)-6, 7-trans-dihydroxyligustilide and (Z)-6, 7-epoxyligustilide by 1H and 13C NMR, respectively. The degradation pathways of Z-ligustilide were finally proposed. Oxidation, hydrolysis and isomerization are the major degradation reactions.

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic diseases of the central nervous system,many epilepsy patients need lifelong medication.Epidemiological studies have shown that 3‰-5‰ neonates born by women suffering from epilepsy.Treatment become more challenging because not only the patients themselves but also the breastfed in fants should be taken into consideration.This paper reviewed how to choose lactation antiepileptic drug.In short,choosing drugs which transport less to milk and have less side effects to infants,using the lowest effective dose and avoiding combination if possible can ensure the safety of breastfeeding.

Biotechnological pharmaceutics is an important course for pharmacy undergraduates , however there are many problems in current curriculum design and teaching methods. With the advantage of our platform National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, we tried to carry out the teaching reformation based on Excellent Engineer Education and Training Plan. We optimized the curriculum standards and teaching design, highlighted the combination ofBiotechnological pharmaceuticsand Engineering, strengthened the experiment teaching, tried the reformation of teaching method such as flipped classroom and PBL, strengthened the cultivation of innovative thinking and scientific research ability. Our teaching reformation is beneficial to cultivating the compound talents in the field of biotechnological pharmaceutics.

Objective To determine the medium-long term functional outcome of arthroscopic repair of type II SLAP lesions with two loops.Methods According to retrospective study,29 cases patients with arthroscopic repairs of isolated type II SLAP lesions were collected from March 2011 to June 2013,the mean patient age at the time of surgery was 31.8 years(range17 to 47 years).All patients with ground anchor suture,and through double loop knot technology to fix SLAP injury.Visual analogue scale(VAS),Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic(KJOC),Roche Shouder function Score(ROWE) were used to determine the function of shoulder joint.The shoulderjoint range of motion before treatment and post treatment were recorded,shoulder joint mobility was recorded,satisfaction survey was done,compared the preoperative and postoperative data to evaluate its clinical effect.Results All patients were available for follow-up of 2.7-5.2 years.Overall,functional outcome was improved from baseline compared with final follow-up for VAS scores((4.3±1.2) points vs.(1.5±0.8) points,t=5.435,P<0.05),KJOC scores((72.1±4.9) points vs.(92.8±5.4) points,t=5.921,P<0.01),and ROWE scores((54.1±12.4) points vs.(84.3±10.2) points,t=7.326,P<0.01).Only a minority of patients feel pain when they did srenuous exercise.According to satisfaction investigation of patients,patient satisfaction was reported in 89.7%,3 cases had not good results,they could not return to previous level of play,including 2 cases were athletes,1 case was not athlete.Conclusion There is no more persistent pain and dysfunction after surgery,a good or excellent medium-long term functional outcome can be anticipated after arthroscopic repair of type II SLAP lesions with two loops.

Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are common pathological features of diabetic vascular complications,such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Phenotypic modulation of VSMC is the basis for VSMC proliferation and migration. Therefore, studies on VSMC phenotypic modulation and its mechanisms in diabetes mellitus were of important significance to the prevention and therapy of diabetic vascular complications. This paper introduces VSMC phenotypic modulation and the underlying mechanisms in diabetes mellitus, and summarizes advance of studies on traditional Chinese medicine intervention upon VSMC phenotypic modulation, so as to provide reference for preventing and treating diabetic vascular complications with traditional Chinese medicines.
Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Diabetes Mellitus ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hypertension ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; drug effects ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; drug effects ; Phenotype

Autophagy is an active research area in the biomedical field as its role has been identified in many physiological and pathological processes. Accordingly, there is a growing demand to identify, quantify and manipulate the process accurately. Meanwhile, there is great interest in identifying compounds that modulate autophagy because they may have applications in the treatment of a variety of autophagy-related diseases. In this review, we summarize the current status of autophagy screening systems to facilitate identification of autophagy modulators.
Autophagy ; Humans

Objective To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of piperacillin-sulbactam against clinical isolates of non-fermentative bacilli isolated from common infections. Methods Microdilution was employed to study the antimicrobial resistance. Results A total of 770 strains were collected from 6 hospitals in Guangzhou, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , Burkholderia cepacia , Flavobacterium , and Alcaligenes. Compared with other β-lactams,piperacillin-sulbactam displayed the highest activity against all the isolates of P. aeruginosa, especially for imipenem non-sensitive isolates, with the susceptibility of 71.9% and 55.8%, respectively. Piperacillinsulbactam and cefoperazone-sulbactam kept good activity against imipenem sensitive isolates of A. baumannii,with the susceptibility of 71.0% and 73. 0%, respectively. For the strains of Burkholderia cepacia, 69% strains exhibited minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤ 16 mg/L for piperacillin-sulbactam. For the strains of Flavobacterium, and Alcaligenes, piperacillin-sulbactam also had excellent activity, with the susceptibility of 70. 2% and 94. 4%, respectively. Conclusion Piperacillin-sulbactam exhibits good activity again non-fermentative bacilli, especial for imipenem non-sensitive isolates of P. aeruginosa.