Taenia solium is one of the main human parasites. Both larvae and adults can cause diseases, among which neurocysticercosis caused by Cysticercus is the most serious disease. The immune response induced by Cysticercus infection and its regulatory mechanism have been the key problems in the prevention and treatment of Cysticercus infection. This review reports the progress of T lymphocytes-mediated immune responses and immunoregulation in cysticercosis, which is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the immunopathogenesis and prevention and treatment of cysticercosis.

Objective　An experimental epidemiological study was designed to investigate possible relations of pig-derived Ascaris to the transmission of human ascariasis which might be caused by cross-infection between the pig and humans. Methods　In Xinjian County, Jiangxi province, two adjacent villages, Laozhi and Panzhi, with similar baseline of ascariasis in pig and human populations were selected as the study sites with a one-year longitudinal epidemiological follow-up study. People in the two villages received mass chemotherapy. Pigs received mass chemotherapy only in Panzhi village and was twice repeated with two months interval, while pigs in Laozhi village were not treated at all. In the following year after treatment on humans, ascariasis among villagers was studied cross-sectionally five times with Kato-katz technique.Results　No significant difference of the re-infection patterns of human ascariasis was found between the two villages in terms of prevalence and intensity during the following year in all the five surveys (χ2＜0.658,F＜1.658 and P＞0.1).Conclusion　The results suggested that pig-derived Ascaris were mainly transmitted among pigs but had no important role on the transmission of human ascariasis. The results were in good accordance with the findings through a recent molecular genetic research on the local human-and pig-derived Ascaris worms. Possible confounding factors were discussed.

Objective To investigate the effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on the proliferation of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells and its underlying mechanism. Methods Cells were cultured in estrogen-free improved Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium and then divided into 5 groups: no treatment (control group); treated with 17β-estradiol (E_2 group); treated with DEHP (DEHP group); treated with both E_2 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 (E_2 + LY294002 group); treated with both DEHP and LY294002 (DEHP + LY294002 group). The absorbance value (AV) was measured on day 0, 2, and 5. DNA proliferation index (PI) and apoptotic index (AI) were determined by flow cytometry on day 5. Caspase-3 protein, protein-serine-threonine kinase (Akt) and phosphor-Akt (Ser473) protein expression were analyzed by Western blot on day 5. Results The AV of All groups increased on day 2, and 5. The AV of E_2 and DEHP groups were higher than that of the control group (P<0. 001), but the AV of E_2 + LY294002 and DEHP + LY294002 groups were lower than those of E_2 and DEHP groups (P<0.01) on day 2 and 5. On day 5, PI of E_2 and DEHP groups were also higher than that of control (P<0.01). However, PI of E_2 + LY294002 and DEHP + LY294002 groups were lower than those of E_2 and DEHP group (P<0.01) on day 5. There was no significant difference in AI and caspase-3 protein expression among the groups. At the same time, phosphor-Akt (Ser473) protein expression of E_2 and DEHP groups increased obviously, compared with the control group. Compared with E_2 and DEHP groups, E_2 + LY294002 and DEHP + LY294002 groups decreased significantly. However, Akt protein expression was equal among those groups. Conclusions DEHP can promote the growth of SK-N-SH cells to a level similar to that of E_2, with activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Objective To induce the apoptosis of human alveolar epithelial cells(A\-\{549\}) by the extraction of the second stage larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides and investigate the extraction concentration and inducing time related to the apoptosis. \ Methods\ Following to the results of Microculture Tetrazolium Test (MTT), five concentrations of the extraction of the second stage larvae were chosen to induce the apoptosis of A\-\{549\} cells. Meanwhile, control groups without the inducement were set up. For each group, observation was made at five time points since the start of inducement, to assess the existence of apoptosis and percentage of cells showing characteristics of apoptosis. HE stain and diphenylamine reaction methods were used to assess the cell apoptosis. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA and flow cytometry were also employed to confirm the apoptosis for some groups. \{\ Results \ \}Observations indicated that the apoptosis ratio of A\-\{549\} cells induced by the extraction at different concentrations were significantly higher than that of the control cells (P

Objective To explore the relationship between the expression of LIGHT/HVEM in patients after allo-HSCT and the development of GVHD. Methods The expression of LIGHT and HVEM in T lymphocytes was detected by FACS Calibur. Results All patients achieved engraftment and hematopoiesis reconstitution, aGVHD occurred in 9 of 26 patients (34.6%) with grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ aGVHD in 3 cases. Seven cases developed cGVHD (26.9%). LIGHT was not expressed in T lymphocytes from healthy donors and patients without GVHD, while constitutive expression of HVEM was detected. When aGVHD occurred, the expression levels of LIGHT in T lymphocytes were significantly increased, while those of HVEM decreased. After GVHD was controlled, the expression levels of those co-stimulators went back to normal On the day 15 after transplantation, the expression of LIGHT in T lymphocytes of patients with aGVHD later was significantly higher, while that of HVEM lower than in those without aGVHD. The patients with aGVHD of grades Ⅲ-Ⅳ demonstrated higher LIGHT expression than in those with aGVHD of grades Ⅰ-Ⅱ. Conclusion The expression of LIGHT and HVEM might be involved in the development of GVHD after allo-HSCT and could be used as one of the useful indicators in predicting aGVHD.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the effect of abdominal acupuncture for the casino workers with sleep disorder in chronic fatigue syndrome and analyze the correlation between them.Method 65 patients were all from the Acupuncture Department of Health Center of the Black Sand, Macao Health Bureau, 2011 October to 2013 January, who were diagnosed with sleep disorder in chronic fatigue syndrome and in accordance with the inclusion criteria. They were received abdominal acupuncture treatment for 4 weeks. Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI) and Fatigue Assessment Instrument(FAI)were adopted to evaluate the effect before treatment 、after treatment and one month follow-up. Multiple regression analysis model was used to analyze the correlation of each factor of FAI and PSQI. Results Compared with before treatment (13.78± 3.23), the total score of PSQI after treatment(8.66 ± 4.26)and follow-up(8.26 ± 4.66) were significant decreased(P<0.05);the score of 6 dimensions(sleep quality, Time to fall asleep, sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders daytime function) after treatment and follow-up were significant decreased(P<0.05),compared with those before treatment;the FAI score after treatment (92.60±14.64) and follow-up(90.75±14.75) were significant lower(P<0.05)than those before treatment (147.55±7.03) .Multiple regression analysis showed that 4 dimensions of PSQI (sleep quality, sleep time, sleep disorders, daytime function)had close relationship with FAI score(r=0.373~0.702, P<0.05). Conclusion Abdominal acupuncture can improve the casino workers' sleep disorder in chronic fatigue syndrome and is worth of further study.

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in phototaxis between Oncomelania hupensis (O .h .) hupensis and O .h .robertsoni as well as four related geographic strains of male and female snails and Schistosoma japonicum-infected and-uninfected snails .Field collection of O . hupensis was performed in S . j aponicum-endemic areas of Xingzi and Yushan counties in Jiangxi Province ,China ,as well as Tianquan and Pengshan counties in Sichuan Province ,China .Infected and uninfected snails were screened using the cercariae escaping method ,with artificial separation of male and female snails . The experiment was carried out in an in-house constructed dark phototaxis experiment box using white light as the main source of light at the most suitable light intensity .Under a light intensity of 1 500 Lux for 30 minutes ,all of the snails from the experimental group showed obvious phototaxis .The statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the phototaxis index between male and female snails ,and there was also no significant difference in the phototaxis index between different geograph-ical strains of the same subspecies of snails .A significant difference in phototaxis was observed between the two subspecies during the 30-minute experimental period :O .h .hupensis displayed a higher phototaxis index than that of O .h .robertsoni , whereas S .japonicum-infected snails showed a lower phototaxis index than that of uninfected snails .A difference in phototaxis was found between different subspecies of O .hupensis and within the same subspecies .All uninfected snails displayed the same phototaxis index .When snails were infected with S .japonicum ,phototaxis reduced .

Objective To explore the risk factors of Schistosoma japonicum infection in the residents in Xingzi County,Ji?angxi Province. Methods Six administrative villages from different areas were randomly selected by the cluster sampling meth?od as the study sites in Xingzi Country in 2013,and all the residents aged 5 years or above were investigated epidemiologically, and the schistosome infection was surveyed by Kato?Katz technique. The risk factors of schistosomiasis were analyzed by using the Chi?square test analysis and multivariate Logistic regression model. Results In 2013,there were 2 050 residents received the stool examination and 146 persons were positive,the schistosome infection rate was 7.1%. The Chi?square test showed that gender,age,occupation and education level were associated with the population infection rate(χ2=26.485、16.836、25.700、90.805,all P<0.05). The multivariate Logistic regression mode showed that the probability of schistosomiasis for the male was 3.041 times as much as that for the female;the probability of schistosomiasis for the illiteracy and primary education level crowd was 8.870 times as much as that for the college degree or above crowed;the probability of schistosomiasis for the junior middle school education level crowd was 5.598 times as much as that for the college degree or above crowed;the probability of schistoso?miasis for the high school education level crowd was 2.995 times as much as that for the college degree or above crowed;the probability of infection of fishermen was the highest,which was 3.053 times as much as that for the other professional crowds. Conclusions The risk factors of schistosome infection mainly include gender,occupation and the education level. We should strengthen the health education of schistosomiasis control,protection against the infested water contact,and so on.

Objective:To invest the risk factors associated with delayed hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy occurred.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed from January 2012 to June 2015 Shengjing hospital 511 cases of patients who accepted pancreaticoduodenectomy.Results:The incidence of PD postoperative delayed hemorrhage was 8.81％ (45/511).Univariate analysis shows:Preoperative bilirubin levels,pancreatic fistula,biliary fistula,postoperative abdominal infection are all the meaningful related factors(P＜0.05).With the application of multivariate logistic regression analysis,pancreatic fistula (OR=2.158) and abdominal infection (OR=3.051) were independent risk factors for postoperative delayed hemorrhages (P＜0.05).Conclusion:Dealing with the postoperative complications of PD like pancreatic fistula,abdominal infection and others,early detection and rapid diagnosis and correct treatment can effectively reduce the incidence of delayed hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the improving effect of phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGCs) from Tibetan medicine Phlomis younghusbandii on rats with acute high-altitude cerebral edema. METHODS:60 Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normoxia control group (isometric sterile water for injection),a hypoxia model group (isometric sterile water for injection),a dexamethasone group(4 mg/kg),and three groups of PhGCs at high(400 mg/kg),middle(200 mg/kg)and low(50 mg/kg)dos-es,with 10 rats in each group. The rats were given drugs,ig,6 d before the establishment of models. On the 4th day of administra-tion,ig,the rats in all groups except the normoxia blank group were placed in a simulated 8 000 m altitude plateau environment for 72 h hypoxic exposure to establish the rat models of high-altitude cerebral edema. Following HE stain,the pathological changes in rats’brain tissues were observed under the light microscope. Dry-wet proportion method was used to determine the water con-tents in rats’brain. The content of MDA and the activities of SOD and GSH in rats’brain tissues were detected. Enzyme-linked im-munosorbent assay was adopted to determine the contents of IL-1β and TNF-α in rats’serum and brain tissues. RESULTS:Com-pared to the rats in the normoxia control group,those in the hypoxia model group showed obvious brain edema,and thickened lacu-nas around cells and vessels and inflammatory cell infiltration, higher water contents and MDA and weaker activities of SOD and GSH in brain,and higher contents of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum and brain tissues. There were statistically significances (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Compared to the rats in the hypoxia model group,those in the groups of PhGCs at high,middleand low dosages demonstrated less inflammatory cell infiltration and lower water contents in brain tissues,in which the groups of PhGCs at high and middle dosages demonstrated lower content of MDA and stronger activities of SOD and GSH in brain tissues, and lower contents of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum and brain tissues. There were statistically significances (P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:PhGCs can obviously alleviate the acute cerebral injury in rats which is caused by acute hypoxia and has im-provement effect to some degree on the rats with acute high-altitude cerebral edema.