Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex and heterogeneous tumor with various genomic alterations.In most patients,HCC is associated with cirrhosis which contributes to treatment morbidity and mortality.Cirrhosis adds difficulties to clinical management of HCC.Over the past decade,several molecular targets which are involved in the etiology of HCC have been identified.Among them,treatment with sorafenib,an antiangiogenic and Raf kinase inhibitor,has shown survival benefit.This represents a breakthrough in treatment of this complex disease,and proves that molecular therapies can be effective in HCC.It is becoming apparent that to overcome the complexity of genomic aberrations in HCC,combination therapies are essential.Several ongoing clinical trials show encouraging results.Future researches are necessary to identify new compounds to block important undruggable pathways,and to identify new oncogenes as targets for therapies through novel high throughout technologies.Ultimately,a molecular classification of HCC based on genome investigations and identification of patient subclasses using drug responsiveness will lead to a more personalized treatment.Although molecular therapy is a promising treatment for HCC with cirrhosis,surgery,if applicable,remains the first choice of treatment.

Objective:To explore the correlation between homocysteine (Hcy) level and left ventricular diastolic func‐tion in patients with hypertension .Methods :A total of 121 enrolled patients with essential hypertension received plasma Hcy ,routine biochemical measurement and echocardiography examination .With Hcy=10 mmol/L as the di‐viding line ,patients were divided into H hypertension group (high Hcy group ,n=65) and hypertension with normal level group (normal Hcy group ,n=56) .Correlation between plasma Hcy level and left ventricular diastolic function was analyzed .Results:(1) H hypertension accounted for 53.7% ,male proportion in H hypertension group was sig‐nificantly higher than that of normal Hcy group (67.7% vs .37.5% , P<0.01);(2) Compared with normal Hcy group ,there were significant rise in left atrial diameter [LAD ,(34.4 ± 3.3) mm vs .(37.6 ± 5.4) mm] ,left ven‐tricular mass [LVM ,(183.5 ± 37.0) g vs .(205.6 ± 53.1) g] ,left ventricular mass index [LVMI ,(111.1 ± 19.2) g/m2 vs .(121.2 ± 31.8) g/m2 ] and transmitral early diastolic peak flow velocity/peak velocity of early diastolic mi‐tral annular motion [E/Em ,(8.4 ± 2.6) vs .(15.3 ± 7.4)] in H hypertension group ,P<0.05 or <0.01 ;(3) Pear‐son correlation analysis indicated that Hcy was positively correlated with LAD ,left ventricular end‐diastolic dimen‐sion (LVEDd) ,E/Em ,LVM and LVMI (r=0.247~0.620 , P<0.05 or <0.01);multi‐factor linear gradual re‐gression analysis found that plasma Hcy level ,was influencing factors for E/Em (P=0.529 ,t=7.599 ,P<0.05) . Conclusion:There is a significant positive correlation between plasma homocysteine level and left ventricular diastolic function insufficiency in patients with hypertension .More attention is required for detection of plasma homocysteine level in clinic .

Objective To investigate the relationship between post-cerebral infarction depression and negative life events and the therapeutic effect on depression. Methods 162 patients with cerebral infarction were assigned to negative life event affecting group (A group,85) and non- negative life event affecting group (B group,77), and then assessed condition of depression by self-rating depression scale( SDS )and Hamilton rating scale (HRSD). The curative effect before and after therapy of fluoxetine(20 mg/d?4 w) was compared. Results The incidence of depression are 56.5% in group A and 36.4% in group B respectively. The difference is significantly( P

The proposal of the view of scientific development is a new opportunity for the development of the hygiene industry,and plays an important part in the prevention and cure of AIDS.Therefore,during the prevention and cure of AIDS,we should make people the center,coordinate comprehensively,and promote social harmony,to strengthen the ba?sis of the prevention and cure of AIDS.

Objective To study the clinical, imaging and pathological features of primary angiitis of central nervous system (PACNS). Methods The clinical data of 8 patients with PACNS (4 suspected and 4 definite) were retrospectively analysed.Results There were 5 males and 3 females in 8 patients with PACNS. Average age was 32 years old and average disease course was 11 months. The initial symptoms were headache in 5, extremital weakness in 2, and speech disorder in 1 patients. The major clinical manifestations were headache in all patients, extremital weakness and numbness in 5, speech disorder in 1, and seizure disorder in 2 patients. 7 patients were with slow-progressive disease courses, and 1 patients with a relapsing-remitting one. MRI showed abnormality in all patients. 6 cases had unilateral lesions and 2 had bilateral lesions. MRI showed ill-defined, irregular or atypical wedge-shaped foci in cortical and subcortical areas in 7 patients and strip-shaped foci with surrounding finger-like cerebral edema in the left frontal and parietal lobe and gyrus cinguli in 1 patient. All lesions enhanced with different degree on contrast-enhanced scan. Enhanced lesions along sulcus and gyrus were seen in 7 patients and mass-like irregular linear enhancement lesion in 1 patient. Diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) showed hyper-signal and apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) showed hypo-signal in 5 patients. MRA showed stiffness and lack of smooth in one or more cerebral arteries with multiple segmental narrowing and expanding, and rarity of arterial distal branches in 8 patients. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) also showed multiple segmental narrowing and expanding in cerebral arteries, and rarity of arterial distal branches in 4 patients. Brain biopsy in 4 cases revealed angiitis with lymphocytic infiltration. 5 patients received treatment with single corticoid, and 3 with cyclophosphamide. All cases had good outcome. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of PACNS are various. The changes of imaging are obvious, MRI, MRA and DSA are helpful in the diagnosis of PACNS. The definite diagnosis relies on brain biopsy.

ObjectiveTo explore the anatomy and clinical significance of fixation combined with limited outside cut restoration gram needle internal fixation for distal radial fractures. MethodsBased on the anatomical observation and measurement of the forearm and hand. Found out the distal radial fractures fixed bracket screws and gram needle safety area and the needle into the body, and made reasonable angle respectively, to formulate standardized orientation, and applied to clinical procedures, and the clinical cases were followed up. The clinical curative effect was observed. ResultsThe place for the fixed bracket screws of the second metacarpal was the nail parts of radial dorsal partial ends. The proximal fracture for external fixation stents bolt into the nail near abductor muscle and manipulation long in the thumb short extensormuscles. Its feet side for stabbing abductor muscle and refers to a long stretch of radial side for tendon, radial side wrist short stretch muscles. The farthest distance between the lister nodule was (63.69 ±3.00) mm,nearest distance between the lister nodule was(123.64 ±5.00)mm. Gram needle do limited internal fixation security clearance for thumb long stretch tendon and refers to stretch tendons,radial side wrist length stretch tendons, thumb short extensor tendons, stretch retinaculum and this gap proximal distance lister nodule for ( 33. 52 ± 4.20) mm, remote distance lister nodule for( 8.81 ± 0. 88) mm. In clinical applications, wrist imaging recovery, function of ratings had no significant difference ( P ＞ 0.05). But the postoperative complications of the two sets of patients had statistically significant difference ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). ConclusionAccording to the anatomy of distal radial fractures,from the results of our research applied in fixation distal radial fractures in the operation,it had the advantages of simple operation,reset good,fixed firmly,and small trauma. It was worth of used widely in clinical.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of the virtual source model in Monte Carlo dose calculation for clinical radiotherapy.Methods The Monte Carlo simulation was used to obtain the phase space files which recorded the physical properties of the particles emitted by a medical linear accelerator, and the information on the type, energy spectrum, and distribution of particles were extracted from these files and analyzed to establish the semi-empirical model of virtual two-photon source.The GMC dose calculation engine was used to obtain the 3 cm×3 cm, 5 cm×5 cm, 10 cm×10 cm, 20 cm×20 cm, and 30 cm×30 cm fields of radiotherapy and the results of Monte Carlo simulation of dose distribution in three-dimensional water phantom in 2 intensity-modulated radiotherapy ( IMRT) plans.These results were compared with the results of water phantom measurement or the results of Elekta Monaco planning system to verify the accuracy of Monte Carlo dose calculation based on a virtual source.Results As for the percentage depth-dose distribution curves of the central axis of the water phantom and the off-axis dose curves at different depths in the five fields for radiotherapy, the difference between the results of Monte Carlo simulation and the results of measurement was within 1%.As for the two IMRT plans, the three-dimensional passing rates of Monaco calculation results and Monte Carlo simulation results were 98.9%and 99.4%, respectively, for 3%/3 mm, and 95.1%and 95.4%, respectively, for 2%/2 mm.Conclusions Monte Carlo simulation based on the virtual source model can obtain accurate results of radiotherapy dose calculation.

Objective To study the impacts of different applicators on dose distribution in 192 Ir brachytherapy. Methods The inner tubes of two cylinder applicators from Nucletron,#101?001 and#084?350, were made of plastic and stainless steel, respectively. The cylinder parts of them were made of plastic, and had four different radiuses:1?00 cm, 1?25 cm, 1?50 cm, and 1?75 cm. EGSnrc program was used to simulate dose distribution when applicators were present in a phantom, and the results calculated by the treatment planning system were compared with the results of EGSnrc. The impacts of applicators on dose distribution were analyzed with different materials, thickness, and numbers of resident source. Results There was no significant relationship between dose deviation and the radius for the two applicators. When an applicator was present, the actual dose delivered to a patient was smaller than the planned dose. The dose deviation of the applicator#101?001 was no more than 1%, while the dose deviation of the applicator#084?350 was close to 3%. The dose deviation remained the same when the number of resident source changed. Conclusions The plastic applicator, if possible, is the best choice for brachytherapy right now. In a long term, in order to promote the accuracy of brachytherapy, current dosimetry algorithm should be improved, and the impacts of the applicator made of metal, such as stainless steel, on dose distribution should be taken into account.

Acute rejection is one of the serious early postoperative complications after liver transplantation.Many studies have shown that acute rejection was mainly mediated by T cells,while humoral factors were responsible for chronic rejection.However,accumulating evidences have demonstrated that humoral immune factors also played an important role in early acute rejection and usually resulted in severe adverse events.Here we clarify the role of humoral immunity in liver transplant rejection,which may help guide the clinical management of such patients with humoral rejection after liver transplantation.

Traditionally,antigen presenting cells were shown to express MHC Ⅱ antigens.However,some researchers have demonstrated that a subset of T lymphocytes could express MHCⅡ antigens in some situation.Its regulatory mechanism and biological effects remains challenging to researchers.This review provides an overview of the results of these MHC Ⅱ + T lymphocytes regarding to the generation,mechanisms,and the role in immune tolerance induction,aim to provide some insights in clinical immune tolerance induction.