Objective To evaluate the effects of mechanical ventilation preconditioning on the expression of Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1) in the lung tissue in a rat model of ventilator-induced lung injury.Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley, aged 8-12 weeks, weighing 250-300 g, were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table: control group (group C);normal mechanical ventilation group (group N);mechanical ventilation with large tidal volume (VT) group (group L);preconditioning with mechanical ventilation with different VT groups (P1, P2 and P3 groups).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital sodium, and tracheostomized.In group C, the animals kept spontaneous breathing after intubation.In group N, the animals were mechanically ventilated for 3 h with the VT of 8-10 ml/kg.In group L, the animals were mechanically ventilated for 3 h with the VT of 40 ml/kg.In P1, P2 and P3 groups, the animals were mechanically ventilated for 30 min with the VT of 6-7, 20 and 30 ml/kg, respectively, and then were mechanically ventilated for 3 h with the VT of 40 ml/kg.The respiratory rate was 40 breaths/min, and inspiratory/expiratory ratio was 1 : 1.The animals were sacrificed at the end of ventilation.Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid was collected, and pulmonary permeability index (PPI) was calculated.Lungs were removed for examination of pathological changes which were scored,and for detection of the wet to dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio), apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells, and expression of ROCK1 (by immunohistochemistry and Western blot).Apoptosis index (AI) was calculated.Results Compared with group C, the pathological scores, W/D ratio, PPI and AI were significantly increased, and the expression of ROCK1 was up-regulated in L, P1, P2 and P3 groups (P＜0.05) , and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group N (P＞0.05).Compared with group L, the pathological scores, W/D ratio, PPI and AI were significantly decreased, and the expression of ROCK1 was down-regulated in group P1 (P＜0.05) , and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in P2 and P3 groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which mechanical ventilation preconditioning decreases ventilator-induced lung injury may be related to inhibition of the expression of ROCK1 in lung tissues of rats.

Objective To evaluate the effects of mechanical ventilation preconditioning on ventilatorinduced lung injury in rats.Methods Forty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-300 g,were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),normal ventilation group (group N),mechanical ventilation with large tidal volume (VT) group (group L) and mechanical ventilation preconditioning group (group P).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 2 ％ pentobarbital sodium 0.2 ml/100 g.Tracheal intubation was performed.In group C,the animals kept spontaneous breathing after intubation.In group N,the animals were mechanically ventilated for 3 h with the VT of 8-10 ml/kg.The animals were mechanically ventilated for 3 h with the VT of 40 ml/kg in group L.In group P,the animals were mechanically ventilated for 30 min with the VT of 6 ml/kg,and then were mechanically ventilated for 3 h with the VT of 40 ml/kg (RR 40 bpm,I:E =l:l,PET CO2 35-45 mmHg).The animals were sacrificed at the end of ventilation,and the lungs were removed for measurement of wet to dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio) and cell apoptosis and for microscopic examination of the pathological changes of the lung and the lung injury was scored.The apoptosis.index was calculated.Results Compared with group C,the lung injury score,W/D ratio,and apoptosis index were significantly increased in L and P groups,and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group N.Compared with group L,the lung injury score,W/D ratio,and apoptosis index were significantly decreased in group P.Conclusion Mechanical ventilation preconditioning can reduce ventilator-induced lung injury in rats.

Objective To evaluate the protective effects of lung protective ventilation on the lungs in patients undergoing radical resection for esophageal cancer.Methods Sixty-eight patients of both sexes,aged 40-64 yr,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,with body mass index 17-40 kg/m2,scheduled for elective radical resection for esophageal cancer,were randomly divided into conventional ventilation group (CV group,n =34) and protective ventilation group (PV group,n =34) using a random number table.Double lumen tube was inserted after induction of anesthesia,an anesthesia machine was connected,and the patients were mechanically ventilated.In group CV,VT was set at 10 ml/kg during two-lung ventilation,and VT was set at 7 ml/kg,and I ∶ E was set at 1 ∶ 2 during one-lung ventilation.In group PV,VT was set at 7 ml/kg during two-lung ventilation,VT was set at 5 ml/kg,I ∶ E was set at 1 ∶ 2,and PEEP was set at 10 cmH2O during one-lung ventilation,and bilateral lung recruitment maneuver was performed every 45 min.Before induction of anesthesia,and at days 1,3,and 5 after surgery,blood gas analysis was performed,and Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was recorded.Before induction of anesthesia,and at 5 days after surgery,point-of-care testing for pulmonary function was performed,and percentages of maximum ventilatory volume (MVV％),forced vital capacity (FVC％),and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1％) were recorded,and FEV1/FVC was calculated.The development of respiratory failure,pulmonary atelectasis and incision infection was recorded within 5 min after surgery.Results Compared with group CV,MVV％,FVC％,FEV1％ and FEV1/FVC were significantly increased,Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was decreased at each time point after surgery,SaO2 and PaO2 were increased,and no significant changes were found in pulmonary atelectasis and incision infection in group PV.Conclusion Lung protective ventilation can effectively protect the lungs in the patients undergoing radical resection for esophageal cancer.

Objective To systematically review the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl-class drugs for induction in awake intubation patients.Methods We searched the PubMed,Embase, Cochrane library,Wanfang Database,CNKI,VIP and China Biology Medicine (CBM)for all ran-domized controlled trials (RCTs)about the efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus drugs of fentanyl class (fentanyl,sufentanil,remifentanil)for induction in awake intubation patients.The quality of the studies was evaluated by the method recommended by Cochrane Collaboration.Meta-analysis was con-ducted using the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 5.0 software.Results Ten RCTs involving 400 patients were included in our Meta-analysis.The results of meta-analysis showed that the ramsay se-dation scores in awake intubation patients was higher in group dexmedetomidine than that of group fentanyl-class drugs (P<0.05).Compared with group fentanyl-class drugs,the incidence of compli-cations such as hypertension,respiratory depression,bucking and post-surgical memory in the group dexmedetomidine was lower (P<0.05).Conclusion The efficacy of dexmedetomidine is better than that fentanyl-class drugs for induction in awake intubation patients.

Objective To evaluate the effect of goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) on postoperative cognitive function in the patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection.Methods One hundred patients of both sexes,aged 45-64 yr,weighing 50-70 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,scheduled for elective cerebral glioma or meningioma resection,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=50 each) using a random number table:GDFT group (group G) and conventional fluid therapy group (group C).The mean arterial pressure was maintained at 65-110 mmHg,urine volume ＞0.5 ml · kg-1 · h-1,and central venous pressure at 8-12 cmH2O in group C.In group G,GDFT was performed using FloTrac/Vigileo system,and the cardiac index was maintained at 2.5-4.0 L · min-1 · n 2,stroke volume variation≤ 13％,mean arterial pressure at 65-110 mmHg,and stroke volume index at 35-47 ml/m2.The requirement for crystalloid and colloid,urine volume,blood loss,and requirement for vasoactive agents were recorded during operation.Before induction of anesthesia (baseline),when the dura of brain was opened,at the end of tumor removal,at the end of operation,and at 24 h after operation (T0-4),venous blood samples were taken to determine the concentrations of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100β protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The patient's cognitive function was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination at T0 and 7 days after operation (T5).Results Compared with the baseline value at T0,the serum NSE and S100β protein concentrations were significantly increased at T24 in the two groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group C,the requirement for colloid,total volume of fluid infused and urine volume during operation were significantly increased,the serum NSE and S100β protein concentrations were significantly decreased at T3,4 (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in Mini-Mental State Examination score at T0 and T5 in group G (P＞0.05).Conclusion GDFT based on FloTrac/Vililgeo system can reduce the damage to brains after operation,but it has no significant effect on postoperative cognitive function in the patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection.

Objective To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory responses in brain tissues of the patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.Methods A total of 40 ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients,aged 65-80 yr,scheduled for elective unilateral carotid endarterectomy under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =20 each) using a random number table:dexmedetomidine group (group Dex) and control group (group C).In group Dex,dexmedetomidine 0.03 μg · kg-1 · min-1 was infused over 10 min before induction of anesthesia,and after tracheal intubation dexmedetomidine was then infused at a rate of 0.3 μg · kg-1 · min-1 until 30 min before the end of operation.The equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.At 20 min before induction of anesthesia (T0),10 min after induction of anesthesia (T1),15 min after carotid artery clamping (T2),15 min after carotid artery unclamping (T3),and at 6 and 24 h after operation (T4,5),blood samples were drawn from the ispilateral jugular bulb for determination of serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) (by TBA) and S100B,tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (by ELISA).Results Compared with group C,the serum S100B concentrations were significantly decreased at T3-5,the serum TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were decreased at T2.5,and the serum MDA concentration was decreased at T3 in group Dex.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce the brain damage through mitigating inflammatory responses in brain tissues of the patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.

Objective To evaluate the effects of mechanical stretch preconditioning on pathological stretch-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways in human type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells.Methods Human type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cell line A549 cells cultured in vitro were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table: control group (group Ⅰ), pathological stretch group (group Ⅱ), and mechanical stretch preconditioning group (group Ⅲ).In group Ⅰ , A549 cells were cultured routinely without receiving pathological stretch.In group Ⅱ , A549 cells were exposed to 20％ cyclic stretch at 0.3 Hz for 6 h.In group Ⅲ , A549 cells were exposed to 5％ cyclic stretch at 0.3 Hz for 60 min, and then exposed to 20％ cyclic stretch at 0.3 Hz for 6 h.After the end of the treatment, the cells were collected for determination of the cell viability (by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay) and lactate dehydrogeuase (LDH)release (by colorimetric method).The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),interleukin-8 (IL-8) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the culture medium were detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The expression of total NF-κB, phosphorylated NF-κB, total STAT3 and phosphorylated STAT3 was detected using Western blot.The ratios of phosphorylated NF-κB to total NF-κB and phosphorylated STAT3 to total STAT3 were calculated to reflect the activation.Results Compared with group Ⅰ , the cell viability was significantly decreased, the amount of LDH released was increased, and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-8 and HMGB1, and activation of NF-κB and STAT3 were increased in Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups.Compared with group Ⅱ , the cell viability was significantly increased, the amount of LDH released was decreased, and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-8 and HMGB1, and activation of NF-κB and STAT3 were decreased in group Ⅲ.Conclusion The mechanism by which mechanical stretch preconditioning attenuates pathological stretch-induced damage to human type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells is related to inhibited activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway in mice with endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI).Methods Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice,weighing 20-25 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),endotoxin-induced ALI group (group ALI),and dexmedetomidine group (group Dex).ALI was induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 5 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally.Dexmedetomidine 40 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 1 h after LPS injection in group Dex,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in C and ALI groups.At 6 h after LPS injection,blood samples were collected from the carotid artery to detect arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2).The mice were then sacrificed,and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for determination of the concentrations of total protein,interleukin-1β (IL-1β),IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-or (TNF-α).The lung tissues were removed for determination of wet to dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio),and expression of phosphorylated JAK2 (p-JAK2),phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3),IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA,and for examination of the pathological changes which were scored.Results Compared with group C,the PaO2 was significantly decreased,and W/D ratio,lung injury score,concentrations of total protein,IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in BALF,and expression of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA,p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were increased in ALI and Dex groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group ALI,the PaO2 was significantly increased,and W/D ratio,lung injury score,concentrations of total protein,IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in BALF,and expression of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA,p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were decreased in group Dex (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine attenuates LPS-induced ALI is probably related to inhibition of activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in mice.

Objective To investigate the relationships between occupational coping self-efficacy, job stress and core competence of nurses. Methods A total of 493 registered nurses were recruited in the survey with the Chinese nurse job stressors scale, occupational coping self-efficacy scale for nurses and competency inventory for registered nurse (CIRN). The correlations were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. Results The total scores on occupational coping self-efficacy, job stress of nurses and core competence of nurses were (31.94 ± 6.39), (90.29 ± 17.41) and (159.93 ± 34.31), respectively. Nurses′occupational coping self-efficacy negatively correlated with (r=-0.267, P<0.01) and positively correlated with the core competence of nurses (r=0.355, P<0.01). Conclusions The occupational coping self-efficacy of the nurses can be improved by successful experiencing, verbal persuasion and positive feedback. In this way, nurses core competence can be enhanced and their job stress can be relieved and consequently the quality of nursing can be enhanced.

Objective To investigate the use of glucocorticoid in severe hand-foot-mouth disease in Henan and Sichuan Province and to compare the therapeutic effects of different dose of glucocorticoid.Methods In this multicenter retrospective study,320 cases of severe hand-foot-mouth disease,which were randomly sampled from Jan.to May 2011 in Henan and Sichuan Province were collected.The use of intravenous glucocorticoid was calculated.Accor-ding to the dose of corticosteroids which had been used,these cases were divided into 3 groups:the non-corticosteroids group,the low-dose group and the high-dose group.The cure rate,febrile duration,nervous system involvement duration,time of staying in hospital,vital signs and serum glucose in 3 groups were compared.Results Patients who used intravenous glucocorticoid accounted for 90.9％ (291/320 cases),and only 29 patients had not used (9.1％).The cure rate among 3 groups were not significantly different(P ＞0.05).In the low-dose group and the high-dose group,the nervous system involvement duration,the febrile duration and time of staying in hospital were longer than those in the non-corticosteroids group (all P ＜ 0.05).Comparing the blood pressure among 3 groups on the first day and the third day of hospitalization,the diastolic blood pressure in the high-dose group was much higher than that in other 2 groups on the third day of hospitalization(all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Glucocorticoid is generally used in severe hand-foot-mouth disease in Henan and Sichuan Province.The high-dose glucocorticoid is more often used in the situation that fever,nervous system involvement are not relieved.Glucocorticoid can never improve the cure rate in patients with severe hand-foot-mouth disease or shorten the course,relieve clinical symptoms.The therapeutic effects of glucocorticoid in severe hand-footmouth disease are not confirmed.The therapy of high-dose glucocorticoid may increase medicinal side effects.