Lung transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage lung diseases and can significantly improve prognosis of the patients. However, postoperative complications such as infection, rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and other challenges (like shortage of donor lungs) , limit the practical application of lung transplantation in clinical practice. Chinese research teams have been making continuous efforts and have achieved breakthroughs in basic research on lung transplantation by integrating emerging technologies and cutting-edge achievements from interdisciplinary fields, which has strongly propelled the development of this field. This article will comprehensively review the academic progress made by Chinese research teams in the field of lung transplantation in 2024, with a focus on the achievements of Chinese teams in basic research on lung transplantation. It aims to provide innovative ideas and strategies for key issues in the basic field of lung transplantation and to help China's lung transplantation cause reach a higher level.

Objective To establish a method for determination of pyriclobenzuron (PBU) residues in rice and paddy environments, and to determine the residual amounts and observe the degradation dynamics of PBU. Methods In July 2022, the paddies of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences were selected as experimental fields, and were divided into the blank control group (no pesticide application), the 1-fold-concentration pesticide group (1 kg/667 m²), and the 5-fold-concentration pesticide group (5 kg/667 m²), with a 100 m² area in each group. At the early tillering stage of rice, 20% suspension of PBU sulfate was sprayed once in the 1-fold-concentration and 5-fold-concentration pesticide groups, and rice plants, paddy water and soil samples were collected 2 h, and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, 21, 28, 35, 49 d and 63 d following spraying PBU, while rice straw, field soil, brown rice and rice husk samples were collected 98 d following spraying. PBU was extracted and purified in samples using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment technique, and the PBU contents were determined in samples using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The solvent standard working solution and matrix standard working solution were prepared. A linear regression equation was fitted between PBU concentration (x-axis) and peak area (y-axis), and the ratio of the slope (k) of the matrix standard curve to the slope (K) of the solvent standard curve was calculated to evaluate the matrix effect of PBU in samples. According to the Guidelines for Pesticide Residue Testing in Crops (NY/T 788—2018), the addition levels of PBU were set at 0.005, 0.050, 5.000, 1 000.000 mg/kg in rice plants, 0.005, 0.050, 2.000, 10.000 mg/kg in paddy water, 0.005, 0.050, 2.000 mg/kg in soil, and 0.005, 0.050, 5.000 mg/kg in brown rice and rice husks. The recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) of PBU addition were calculated to evaluate the effectiveness of UPLC-MS/MS for determination of PBU contents. The first-order kinetic equation of PBU concentration was fitted in samples at different sampling time points to analyze the trends in PBU degradation in rice plants, paddy water, and soil, and the half-life of PBU was calculated in different samples. Results There was a good linear relationship between the mass concentration and peak area of PBU at concentrations of 0.000 1 to 0.020 0 mg/kg under solvent and matrix conditions (R² = 0.985 8 to 0.999 7, t = -0.47 to 1.62, all P values < 0.01). The matrix effects of PBU were 70.26%, 65.42% and 65.12% in rice plants, brown rice and rice husks, indicating a matrix-inhibitory effect, and the matrix effect was 87.06% in soils, indicating a weak matrix effect. The recovery of PBU addition was 77.61% to 100.12% in different samples, with RSD of 1.43% to 6.74%, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.005 mg/kg, and the addition recovery and RSD met the requirements of the Guidelines for Pesticide Residue Testing in Crops (NY/T 788—2018), validating the effectiveness of UPLC-MS/MS assay. Following spraying PBU at a dose of 1 kg/667 m², the half-life of PBU was 6.24 d in rice plants and 3.43 d in paddy water samples, respectively. The final residues of PBU were lower than the LOQ of 0.005 mg/kg in brown rice and rice husk samples 98 d following spraying PBU. Following spraying PBU at a dose of 5 kg/667 m², the half-life of PBU was 15.75 d in rice plants and 7.62 d in paddy water samples, respectively. The final residue of PBU was lower than the LOQ of 0.005 mg/kg in brown rice 98 d following spraying PBU, and the final residue of PBU was 0.049 mg/kg in rice husks. Conclusions A simple, and highly accurate and precise UPLC-MS/MS assay has been developed for determination of PBU residues in rice plants and paddy environments through extraction and purification of PBU from matrix samples using QuEChERS pretreatment. After spraying PBU in paddies, the concentration of PBU gradually decreases in rice plants and paddy water over time, and the final residual concentration is low.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of Renshentang on atherosclerosis （AS） in mice based on the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid1 （TRPV1） in regulating cholesterol metabolism in foam cells. MethodsNine SPF-grade 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were set as a normal group， and 60 ApoE^-/- mice were randomized into model， positive drug （simvastatin， 0.02 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （1.77， 3.54， 7.08 g·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively） Renshentang groups （n=12） according to body weight. The normal group was fed with a normal diet， and the other groups were fed with a high-fat diet and given corresponding drugs by oral gavage for the modeling of AS. The mice were administrated with corresponding drugs once a day for 12 weeks. After the last administration and fasting for 12 h， the aorta was collected. Plaque conditions， pathological changes， levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglcerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C）， and the expression of TRPV1， liver X receptor （LXR）， inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor （IDOL）， and low-density lipoprotein receptor （LDLR） in the aortic tissue were observed and detected by gross oil red O staining， HE staining， Western blot， immunohistochemistry， and real-time PCR. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group presented obvious plaque deposition in the aorta， raised levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C in the serum （P<0.01）， up-regulated expression level of LDLR in the aorta （P<0.01）， lowered level of HDL-C in the serum， and down-regulated expression levels of TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL in the aorta （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the positive drug and Renshentang at different doses alleviated AS， elevated the levels of HDL-C， TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while lowering the levels of TC， TG， LDL-C， and LDLR （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionRenshentang has a lipid-lowering effect on AS mice. It can effectively reduce lipid deposition， lipid levels， and plaque area of AS mice by activating TRPV1 expression and regulating the LXR/IDOL/LDLR pathway.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of Renshentang on atherosclerosis （AS） in mice based on the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid1 （TRPV1） in regulating cholesterol metabolism in foam cells. MethodsNine SPF-grade 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were set as a normal group， and 60 ApoE^-/- mice were randomized into model， positive drug （simvastatin， 0.02 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （1.77， 3.54， 7.08 g·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively） Renshentang groups （n=12） according to body weight. The normal group was fed with a normal diet， and the other groups were fed with a high-fat diet and given corresponding drugs by oral gavage for the modeling of AS. The mice were administrated with corresponding drugs once a day for 12 weeks. After the last administration and fasting for 12 h， the aorta was collected. Plaque conditions， pathological changes， levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglcerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C）， and the expression of TRPV1， liver X receptor （LXR）， inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor （IDOL）， and low-density lipoprotein receptor （LDLR） in the aortic tissue were observed and detected by gross oil red O staining， HE staining， Western blot， immunohistochemistry， and real-time PCR. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group presented obvious plaque deposition in the aorta， raised levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C in the serum （P<0.01）， up-regulated expression level of LDLR in the aorta （P<0.01）， lowered level of HDL-C in the serum， and down-regulated expression levels of TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL in the aorta （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the positive drug and Renshentang at different doses alleviated AS， elevated the levels of HDL-C， TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while lowering the levels of TC， TG， LDL-C， and LDLR （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionRenshentang has a lipid-lowering effect on AS mice. It can effectively reduce lipid deposition， lipid levels， and plaque area of AS mice by activating TRPV1 expression and regulating the LXR/IDOL/LDLR pathway.

Objective To establish a model of combined injury of thermal radiation and blast wave of gas explosion in closed pipeline,and investigate the characteristics of important organ injury induced by burn-blast combined injury in rats.Methods A total of 72 male SD rats(aged 8～10 weeks,weighing 200～10 g)were randomly divided into control group and mild and severe injured groups.After the model rats were inflicted with blast wave and thermal radiation,their physical parameters were detected and measured.The respiratory function of the survival rats was tested.In 24 h later,arterial blood gas analysis,blood biochemical tests,and detection for serum inflammatory factors and lung injury related protein levels were performed,and the pathological changes in the lung tissue and trachea were observed.Results The peak range of explosive blast wave overpressure was 209～493 kPa,and the temperature was 152～258 ℃.The mortality rate was 8.3％in the mild group and 53.1％in the severe group.Compared with the control group,longer inspiratory time(Ti)and relaxation time(Tr)and larger tidal volume(TV)(P＜0.05),while lower respiratory frequency(f)were observed in the 2 injured groups within 6 h after injury(P＜0.05).At 24 h after injury,the values of partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2),residual base value(BE)and bicarbonate(HCO3-)were increased significantly(P＜0.05),while partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2)was decreased(P＜0.05).The serum levels of alanine transaminase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),total bilirubin(TBI)and total bile acid(TBA)were notably elevated(P＜0.05).So were the levels of IL-1 β,TNF-α and IL-6(P＜0.01).Various severities of hyperemia foci and inflammation in the tracheal mucosa were observed in the injured rats.The incidence of lung injury was high,and the pathological manifestations were dot-shaped hemorrhage to diffuse hemorrhage of the whole lobe,rupture of alveolar septum,thickening of septum,and infiltration of red blood cells and inflammatory cells.The levels of serum lung injury-related proteins were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion A rat model which can highly simulate mild to severe burn-blast combined injury is constructed,which can meet the needs for rat model in study of explosive burn-blast compound injury.The main characteristics of the injury are lung injury,respiratory dysfunction,liver damage and secondary infection.

Gastric cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and infection with Helicobacter pylori and EBV, smoking and a salt-heavy diet have been shown to be risk factors for the development of gastric cancer. Currently, numerous research has demonstrated that differences in the structure of the gastric flora can be exploited to distinguish the different stages of gastric mucosal lesions and to predict the progression of gastric cancer. Therefore, a new biomarker is presented for the diagnosis of gastric cancer based on the structural differences of the gastric flora. Gastric flora has also potential in the treatment of gastric cancer. The application of non-H. pylori flora to modulate immune cells may increase the sensitivity of tumour cells for chemotherapy, improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and significantly prolong the survival of patients. This review of advances in the application of gastric flora in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer is aimed at providing a reference and basis for future research in this field.

Gastric cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and infection with Helicobacter pylori and EBV, smoking and a salt-heavy diet have been shown to be risk factors for the development of gastric cancer. Currently, numerous research has demonstrated that differences in the structure of the gastric flora can be exploited to distinguish the different stages of gastric mucosal lesions and to predict the progression of gastric cancer. Therefore, a new biomarker is presented for the diagnosis of gastric cancer based on the structural differences of the gastric flora. Gastric flora has also potential in the treatment of gastric cancer. The application of non-H. pylori flora to modulate immune cells may increase the sensitivity of tumour cells for chemotherapy, improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and significantly prolong the survival of patients. This review of advances in the application of gastric flora in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer is aimed at providing a reference and basis for future research in this field.

ObjectiveTo study the effect and mechanism of Linggui Zhugantang in treating chronic bronchitis （CB） induced by exposure to cigarette smoke combined with tracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. MethodSixty SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into normal， model， dexamethasone （1 mg·kg^-1）， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （30.06， 15.03， 7.515 g·kg^-1， respectively） Linggui Zhugantang groups by the body weight stratification method， with 10 rats in each group. Each group was administrated with 200 μL LPS （1 g·L^-1） by tracheal instillation on days 1 and 14， respectively， while the normal group was administrated with an equal volume of normal saline. Except the normal group， the other groups were exposed to cigarette smoke on days 2-13 and 15-30 （10 cigarettes/time/30 min， twice/day） for the modeling of CB. The rats were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage for 30 consecutive days from day 2 of modeling， and the mental status， behavior， and body weights of the rats were observed and measured. The wet/dry mass ratio （W/D） of the left lung was measured 30 days after modeling. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to observe the pathological changes in the lung and bronchial tissues. The bronchial mucus secretion and goblet cell proliferation were observed by Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff （AB-PAS） staining. The levels of mucin 5AC （MUC5AC）， interleukin （IL）-13， IL-6， and tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α in the serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of phospholipase A2 （PLA2）， transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 （TRPV1）， and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 （TRPA1） in the lung tissue was quantitatively analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showcased abnormal mental status and behaviors， bloody secretion in the nose and mouth， the mortality rate of 40%， decreased body weight， severe lung bronchial structure damage， a large number of inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell infiltration in the tube wall， hyperemia， edema， and fibroplasia， massive proliferation of goblet cells， excessive secretion and accumulation of mucus， stenosis and deformation of the lumen， and aggravation of pulmonary edema （P<0.01）. In addition， the model group had higher levels of MUC5AC， IL-13， IL-6， and TNF-α in the serum and higher expression of PLA2 in the lung tissue than the normal group （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the medication groups showed normal mental status and behaviors， reduced mortality rate， stable weight gain， reduced lung and bronchial injuries， decreased goblet cell proliferation and mucus secretion， and alleviated pulmonary edema （P<0.01）. Furthermore， Linggui Zhugantang lowered the levels of MUC5AC， IL-13， IL-6， and TNF-α in the serum and down-regulated the protein levels of PLA2， TRPV1， and TRPA1 in the lung tissue （P<0.01）. ConclusionLinggui Zhugantang can reduce the pulmonary inflammation and airway mucus hypersecretion in the rat model of chronic bronchitis. It may exert the effects of reducing inflammation and resolving phlegm by regulating the PLA2-TRPV1/TRPA1 pathway.

Objective:To observe the effects of preventative moxibustion on analgesia,substance P(SP),prostaglandin(PG)F2α and PGE2 in rats with dysmenorrhea due to cold-dampness stagnation,and to explore the analgesic mechanism. Methods:Sixty-four female Wistar non-pregnant rats were randomly divided into a blank group,a model group,a Western medicine group,and a preventative moxibustion group,with 16 rats in each group.Eight qualified diestrus rats were selected from each group.Except for the blank group,the other three groups established models of dysmenorrhea due to cold-dampness stagnation using an ice water bath combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin.On the 8th day after modeling,the preventative moxibustion group was treated with gentle moxibustion at Shenque(CV8)and Guanyuan(CV4),and the Western medicine group was given ibuprofen solution for 4 consecutive days.On the 11th day,the intervention groups(i.e.the Western medicine group and the preventative moxibustion group)were treated once again after being injected with oxytocin.The writhing score and the pain threshold of rats were determined;the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),SP,PGF2α,and PGE2 were measured;the mRNA and protein expression levels of BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B(TrkB)in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus were detected. Results:Compared with the blank group,the writhing score increased(P<0.01),the pain threshold decreased(P<0.01),the serum levels of BDNF,SP,and PGF2α increased(P<0.01),while the PGE2 decreased(P<0.01);the protein and mRNA expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus increased(P<0.01)in the model group.Compared with the model group,the writhing score decreased,the pain threshold increased,the serum BDNF,SP,and PGF2α levels decreased significantly,the serum PGE2 level increased,and the protein and mRNA expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus decreased significantly in the preventative moxibustion group and the Western medicine group,while the inter-group differences were significant(P<0.01).Compared with the Western medicine group,the writhing score decreased,the pain threshold increased,the serum BDNF,SP,and PGF2α,levels decreased,the serum PGE2 level increased,and the protein and mRNA expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus in the preventative moxibustion group decreased significantly,while the inter-group differences were significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion:Preventative moxibustion at Shenque(CV8)and Guanyuan(CV4)can improve the pain sensitization state of rats with dysmenorrhea due to cold-dampness stagnation,down-regulate the mRNA and protein expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the spinal dorsal horn and hypothalamus;regulation of the serum SP,PGF2α,and PGE2 levels may be part of the mechanism.

Aim To construct a diabetic atherosclerosis mouse model and study the pathological characteristics of diabetic atherosclerosis.Methods Fifty 8-week-old male LDLR-/-mice were fed with standard diet for 2 weeks and then changed to high-fat diet,they were randomly divided into two groups.The diabetic atherosclerosis group was given intraperitoneal injection of low dose streptozotocin(STZ)for 5 days continuouly to establish the model,and the atheroscle-rosis group was given citrate buffer injection at the same time.The body mass,blood glucose and blood lipids of the mice in the two groups were detected for many times.At the age of 23 weeks,the mice were euthanized after glucose tolerance test.HE staining and oil red O staining were used to detect the gross and aortic root atherosclerosis,immunohistochemical staining was used to detect CD4,α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone re-ceptor-like 1(EMR1),monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1),NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1),matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1),Western blot was used to detect α-SMA,CD4,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),NLPR3,intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1),and type Ⅰ and Ⅲ collagen.Results Compared with the atherosclerosis group,the body mass decreased,the levels of total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLC)increased,and the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDLC)decreased(P＜0.05)in the diabetic atherosclerosis group.Compared with the atherosclerosis group,the distribution of atherosclerotic plaques was diffuse and the area was increased in the diabetic atherosclerosis group,and the contents of lipids,T cells,macrophages,smooth muscle cells,type Ⅰ and Ⅲ colla-gen were increased(P＜0.05);the protein levels of TNF-α,MCP-1,MMP-2,NLRP3,ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in vascular tissues were increased,while the content of TIMP-1 were decreased and MMP2/TIMP-1 were increased(P＜0.05).Conclusions LDLR-mouse model of diabetic atherosclerosis can be successfully established by STZ induction combined with high-fat diet,which can reflect the plaque composition and inflammatory characteristics of diabetes promoting atheroscle-rosis.It can be used as a relatively ideal pathological model for the study of diabetic macroangiopathy.