Objective To establish a molecular typing method (opa-typing) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and to evaluate its performance based on epidemiological data. Methods Twenty-six gonorrhea patients were recruited from March to April 2006 at two sites, including 17 cases from the STD Clinic of Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and 9 cases from the STD Clinic of Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology. Of the 26 patients, 6 were from three known sexual links, while the remaining 20 patients did not have any sexual contact with each other. The opa gene was amplified by using PCR from Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from these patients followed by overnight digestion with restriction enzymes Taq Ⅰ and Hpa Ⅱ. The enzyme digestion band patterns were analyzed using the Cel-Compar program. Results The opa gene was successfully amplified from all the 26 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, and restrictedly digested by endonucleases Taq Ⅰ and Hpa Ⅱ . Identical band patterns were observed between patients with sexual links, but not among the remaining 20 patients. Conclusions The results of opatyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae coincide with the information on sexual behaviour provided by patients. Opatyping may serve as a reliable tool in sexual network analysis.

Objective To have insight into the epidemiological situation and to predict the possibilities for achieving the national goal of basic eradication or the WHO target of elimination of leprosy as a public health in the leprosy high－ endemic areas in China. Methods Based upon the data during 1983－ 1996 from the National Leprosy Recording and Reporting Surveillance System and using the appropriate mathematical models, the expected calendar year of reaching the national goal in terms of detection and prevalence rates and the WHO target of elimination under different conditions was predicted. Results Of 337 counties where the national goal of basic eradication of leprosy had not reached and 40 counties where the WHO goal of leprosy elimination had not achieved in 1996, the detection rates in calendar years followed the negatively exponential models with a significant goodness－ of－ fit in 67 and 11 counties, respectively. In the former, the national goal can be met in 6％ of counties before the year 2000 or 34.4％ before 2010 in terms of detection rate, or 31.3％ before the year 2010 in terms of prevalence rate. In the latter, the WHO target can be met in 8－ 10 counties within this century when the duration of disease was determined with the WHO definition. While the MB proportion among new cases increased by 10％ , the target would be met one year later. However, at the same MB proportion, the change of the duration of completing the fixed treatment from PB 0.5 year and MB 2 years to PB 0.75 year and MB 3 years will result in the achievement of the goal 2－ 10 years later. Conclusion The results imply that WHO goal of leprosy elimination can be reached in more than 95％ of counties by the end of this century, but the national goal of achieving basic eradication of leprosy in more than 95％ of counties by this century will not be met, indicating that leprosy control will go beyond the century in China.

Objective To study epidemiological and clinical patterns of leprosy in children in China. Methods The data of leprosy in children from 1989 to 1998 in China were analyzed in terms of gender, infection source, detection mode, skin lesion, nerve damage, leprosy reaction, clinical type and skin smear. Results A total of 22 437 leprosy cases were detected during 1989～ 1998, of which 912 (4.1％ ) were child cases (560 males and 352 females). Average delay in detection was 1.13 years (n=909). The main source of infection was close contact within families, accounting for 69.2％ , and majority of cases were detected through active modes. Among children with leprosy, 96.8％ were with skin lesions, 76.0％ with nerve damage, 4.7％ with leprosy reactions, 12.4％ with grade II disability and 41.2％ with positive skin smears. The average proportion of child cases was 4.2％ in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces, and 1.3％ in Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. The proportion of child cases was stable in Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces during this period, whereas in 1998 it significantly increased to 11.6％ in Yunnan. Conclusion The present study suggests that proportion of children with leprosy is one of the sensitive indicators of leprosy endemicity. The sources of leprosy infection in children is predominately due to the contact with active cases within families.

Objective To analyze the detection modes of leprosy and their influencing factors and outcomes. Methods Based upon the nationwide registration of leprosy patients detected during 1981～ 1998, the profiles of these patients at detection were studied. Results The proportions of cases significantly correlated with calendar years in the detection by dermatologic clinic, contact check, clue survey and mass survey, showing a significant increases in percentage of cases detected through dermatologic clinic and contact check and decreases through clue survey and mass survey. Detection of leprosy cases through dermatologic clinic and voluntary reporting became the main modes of case－ finding during 1997－ 1998, accounting for 37.3％ and 28.6％ respectively, whereas contact check only accounted for 9.1％ . More MB patients were detected by voluntary reporting than PB, whereas detection by dermatologic clinic resulted in a significantly higher proportion (38.0％ ) in PB patients than in MB (33.5％ ). The voluntary reporting and clue survey resulted in higher proportions of detection in prefecture and county rural areas. In areas with good facilities of dermatologic services, significantly higher extent (75.9％ ) of cases were detected through dermatologic clinic, whereas the voluntary reporting and clue survey were main modes of case detection in endemic areas. A great majority of cases were confirmed by leprosy units even though they were detected by various modes. Only 6.5％ of leprosy cases were detected and consequently confirmed by doctors in dermatologic clinics. Conclusion This study emphasizes the importance of providing training on leprosy to the doctors in dermatologic clinics while continuously encouraging their involvement in leprosy control.

Objective To study clinical characteristics and the trends of leprosy relapse cases after dapsone(DDS) monotherapy or multidrug therapy(MDT) from 1949 to 1998. Methods The data of leprosy relapse cases in China from 1949 to 1998 were analyzed. Results There were a total of 12 403 leprosy relapse cases during 1949～ 1998 in China with a cumulative relapse rate of 3.28％ . Among them, 11 803 were relapsed after DDS monotherapy with a relapse rate of 3.83％ and 236 were after MDT with a relapse rate of 0.57％ . The relapse rate (0.84％ ) in PB cases which were previously treated with DDS monotherapy a half year was significantly higher than that (0.36％ ) in PB cases treated with MDT a half year. The relapse rate (0.37％ ) in MB cases which were previously treated with DDS monotherapy plus MDT also significantly higher than that (0.23％ ) in MB cases which were just treated with MDT two years. The proportions of cases with gradeⅡ disabilities and positive skin smears in relapse cases were 49.9％ and 69.3％ , respectively. Conclusion The peak of leprosy relapses after DDS monotherapy occurred during 1959～ 1988. The relapses after MDT started at the end of 1980s and may reach its peak in the next decades.

The chemical composition, separation and identification of the components as well as the tumor photobiological activities of the major components of the new tumor-photochemodiagnostic and photochemotherapeutic agent photocarcinorin (PsD-007) were represented in this paper. It has been shown by the results of HPLC analysis in combination with spectroscopic determinations that PsD-007 is composed of 7 different porphyrins: MHD, DMD, MVD, AHD, HVD, Hp and Pp. The experimental results show that MHD, DMD and MVD are the major tumor photobiologically active components of PsD-007.

Objective To analyse the DSA findings of hepatic alveolar echinococcus (HAE) and evaluate the feasibility of the interventional therapy.Methods Eight patients with HAE were all examined by DSA , CT and lab test . Three of them were performed the transcatheter arterial embolization by iodlized oil. All of them were confirmed by surgical operation and followed-up for three months. Results The DSA findings of HAE included hepatic arterial curling and enlargement with hypertrophied circled encircling as typical “handed ball”. Eight cases presented the ring stain during the capillary stage. After embolization, the retention of iodized oil were revealed by DSA in 3 cases. CT three months later showed fine iodized oil retention and the enlarged necrosis. Ischemic necrosis around the lesion and the cut margins were clearly seen in operation biopsy.Conclusions HAE possesses special DSA findings and interventional therapy in a new therapeutic method of choice.

Hijack terror is one of the most common terror attacks. In this paper, the definition, the present condition and future development of hijack terror are elucidated. Hijack terrorism may seriously endanger human lives, result in great economic loss, create social panic and political tumult. The medical succor for hijack terror includes treatment and transportation of the wounded, sanitation for epidemic prevention, protection from harmful agents, and medical health care. The challenges confronting medical support for hijach terror are its unexpectedness and abruptness, complexity, and arduousness in its implementation. In order to negotiate these challenges, it is imperative that a flawless counterplan should be worked out, a highly efficient counterterrorism medical organization should be established, intense emphasis should be paid in the studies of anti-neuclear, antimbiological and anti-chemical warfores, and education for psychological prepuredness should be stressed.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of centella triterpenes cream(R) for treating crow's feet.Methods A double-blind,randomized,vehicle-controlled 12-week study was conducted.Centella triterpenes cream(R) was applied to the lateral canthus on one side (treatment side) and vehicle-(c)ontrol cream to the lateral canthus on the other side (control side) 3 times daily.Efficacy was evaluated based on an investigator-blinded assessment,subject self-blinded assessment and a quantitative analysis by Visioscan(R)VC98 at the baseline,4,8,12 weeks after the beginning of treatment.Results Thirty-six volunteers were recruited and 35 subjects completed the 12-week trial.The investigator-blinded assessment showed a significant difference in the changes of wrinkle scores between the treatment side and control side after 4 weeks (P ＜ 0.05),and the improvement of wrinkles was more obvious on the treatment side than on the control side at 8 and 12 weeks with a statistical difference in the wrinkle scores (both P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the control side,a significant increase in SEw value,which suggested an improvement in wrinkles,was observed on the treatment side after the application of centella triterpenes cream(R).Subjects' assessments revealed no significant difference in the occurrence of irritation or the improvement of coarse wrinkles,whereas the treatment side was superior to the control side in the improvement of skin texture (P ＜ 0.05) at the lateral canthus.Conclusion Centella triterpenes cream(R) thrice daily is effective for the improvement of crow's feet with no obvious side effects.

To review the study progresses in venom protein, peptide and amino acids in natural drug. The study progresses were reviewed on the basis of analying the collected articles. Concerning the distribution, chemical structure, property, pharmacology and toxicity of ricin, abrin, riscotoxin, snake venom, bee venom and buthotoxin. These compounds have certain toxicity and biological activity to animals, It's worth exploiting and utilizing them in conjunction with the achievement in modern chemistry and pharmacology.