The nasal route is one of the most permeable and highly vascularized site for ensuring rapid drug absorption and onset of therapeutic action. It has been potentially explored as an alternative route for delivery of drugs with poor bioavailability and for the biosensitive and high molecular weight compounds such as proteins, peptides, steroids, vaccines,etc. In this review nasal drug delivery approach and its limitations, some factors influencing drug absorption,mucoadhesion, and the safety of nasal mucoadhesive drug delivery systems as well were discussed.

Chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS) is a common infectious disease and a subpopulation of patients fail to respond to either medical or surgical intervention.Bacterial biofilms(BBF) are 3-dimensional aggregates of bacteria, which have special properties due to their group structure,including increased resistance to antibiotics in some forms.Evidence suggests that BBF may play an important role in CRS.The goal of this article is to provide an overview of BBF with the special focus on CRS.A further understanding of the role of BBF may lead to the development of more appropriate therapies for CRS.

Objective To make the clinical evaluation of Targis/Vectris restorations. Methods 337 cases with Targis/Vectris restorations were rechecked 12～50 months after cementation respectively. The restorations were evaluated clinically according to the USPHS standard. Results The changes of Targis/Vectris restorations in colour match, boundary line, wear and tear, marginal adaptation and surface grain were not obvious within 12～50 months. The secondary caries were not found. The successful rate of the restorations was 95.4 %.Conclusion The clinical prosthetic results of Targis/Vectris restorations are reliable.

Objective To investigate the aesthetic efficacy of dental implant employed to the functional reconstruction of ectodermal dysplasia (ED) patients. Methods Dental implants were inserted into the jaw bone of ED patients according clinical and X-ray examination. The dentures were made after the osseous integration of implants. The proper attachments were employed to increase the retention of the dentures. The aesthetics, denture retention, phonation, mastication, and the health of soft and hard tissues of peri-implant were evaluated in the 6~48 months follow-up period. Results 12 dental implants were inserted into jaw bone in 5 ED patients and all implants were osseointegrated and remained in the 6-48 months follow-up period. Aesthetics, denture retention, phonation, mastication, and confidence were significantly improved. Conclusions Dental implants can be used to functionally reconstruct the dentition of ED. The aesthetics and functions are improved significantly.

Objective:To study the antimicrobial susceptibility of periodontopathic bacteria associated with failing implants to commonly used antibiotics in periodontal therapy and dental practice.Methods:Antimicrobial susceptibility of bateria isolates was determined by the method of microbroth dilution and the activities of 8 kinds of antibiotics against international laboratory strains and clinical isolates of Provotella intermedia (Pro.I), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) were examined.Results:Ofloxacin, clindamycin, tinidazole and metronidazole showed stronger antibacterial activity aginst Pro.I,Pg,Aa and Fn with MIC_ 90 ≤0.5 ?g/ml and MBC_ 90 ≤0.5 ?g/ml.Conclusion:Commonly-used antibiotics are potential against bacteria isolated around failing implants.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of of twin block appliance in the early treatment of class Ⅱ malocclusion.Methods:20 cases with class Ⅱ malocclusion were treated with Twin block appliance.Cephalometric analysis was used to evaluate the effects.Results:The twin block appliance could stimulate the growth of mandible and lead to retrocline of the upper incisors and procline of the lower incisors.Conclusion:The twin block appliance can achieve remarkable effects of growth modification of dentognathic system.

This article elaborated the connotation of public hospital medical insurance payment system and the importance of reform,summarizing and analyzing the practical exploration of promoting medical insurance payment system reform in the localities.Then it moved on to introduce new progress of medical insurance payment system reform abroad and the emerging mode of medical insurance payment, such as pay for performance,payment by results,and bundled payment.In the end,the authors put forward policy suggestions to improve medical insurance payment system at public hospitals in China, namely to build a modern healthcare payment system in line with the needs of medical service system.Such a system should be guided by comprehensive performance,restrained by cost budgeting, based on a diversified payment mode,and supported by information technology.In addition,it should have scientific payment standard and modern governance mechanism,and keep interactive development with commercial health insurance.

Objectives:To explore the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis by examining the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in human inflammatory nasal polyps. 　Methods: Twenty five polyposis patients were selected, tissue TGF-β1～3 from nasal polyps and inferior turbinate mucosa were determined with immunohistochemistry APAAP method .The inferior turbinate mucosa from eight healthy volunteers were selected as control. Six polyp tissues were estimated with western-blot analyses to compare the characteristics of TGF-beta isoforms expression. 　Results: ①The expression of TGF-β1～3 in nasal polyps was significantly higher than that in nasal mucosa, it was undetectable in nasal mucosa from healthy volunteers;②TGF-β1 was the main isoform detected in nasal polyps. 　Conclusions: TGF-β, especially TGF-β1 is strongly expressed in inflammatory nasal polyps and its mucosa. TGF-β could induce modification of epithelium and connective tissue and therefore be involved in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis.

Objective To examine the practice and value of comprehensive geriatric assessment(CGA)in geriatric care by conducting comprehensive evaluation of hospitalized elderly patients.Methods CGA was carried out in 91 hospitalized patients at our hospital from July 2015 to October 2015.Patients aged 65-75(6 cases),76-85(38 cases)and ＞85-99 years(47 cases)were assigned into three Groups.The incidence of geriatric syndromes ineach age group was calculated,and characteristics of geriatric syndromes among the patients were analyzed.ResultsFrailty had the highest incidence among all age groups 69(64.8％).In Group 65-75 years old,pain was mostfrequently reported 2(33.3％);in Group 76-85 years old,the three most frequent syndromes were frailty,dementiaand falls;in Group 85-99 years old,frailty,polypharracy and rnalnutrition occurred most often.Up to 37.4％％ of the patients showed coexistence of 3-4 common geriatric syndromes,and only 14.2％ of the patients had none Conclusions Frailty,dementia,falls,polypharrnacy,and malnutrition are the most common geriatric syndromes in hospitalized elderly patients.Coexistence of multiple geriatric syndromes is common among these patients.

Objective:To evaluate the cytotoxicity of different dental bonding agents to human dental pulp cells. Methods:Four dental bonding agents(Prime & Bond NT,Single Bond,Xeno Ⅲ and iBond) were diluted with the culture medium by a ratio of 1∶1 000,1∶2 000 and 1∶4 000(v/v), and the fourth passage of dental pulp cells were then exposed to agent dilutions for 12, 24 and 48 h respectively, then the morphological changes of pulp cells were observed with microscopy and cytotoxicity was analyzed with modified 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.Results:There was significant influence of the type of dental bonding agents,exposure time and concentration on the cell morphology. Total-etch system was more toxic than self-etch system.Conclusion:Dental bonding agents are toxic to pulp cells,Single Bond is the strongest cytotoxic agent among the 4 adhesive agents.