OBJECTIVE:To investigate the anti-viral effects of Tongqiao zhike liquid against influenza A virus in vitro.METHODS:The inhibitive effect of Tongqiao zhike liquid administered by different ways against human influenza A virus(H3N2) in vitro and its time-effect relationship were assayed by crystal violet staining assay with ribavirin as positive control.RESULTS:Tongqiao zhike liquid showed a satisfactory comprehensive inhibitory effect against human influenza A virus as well as its proliferation after viral adsorption.It was found that Tongqiao zhike liquid had a weak effect in preventing viral adsorption and it had no direct antiviral effect.The inhibitory effect of low concentration of Tongqiao zhike liquid against influenza A virus weakened time-dependently,while at high concentration its anti-viral ability remained stable.CONCLUSION:Tongqiao zhike liquid has a satisfactory effect against human influenza A virus in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Phosphorylcholine-containing poly (L-lactide) (PLLA-PC) is a kind of novel amphiphilic copolymer with good biocompatibility and biodegradability. In the previous work, self-assembly micelles of PLLA-PC were prepared with film rehydration method. But it hardly formed micelle with film rehydretion method because the longer chains of LLA existed in the PLLA-PC copolymer. However, the mechanism of phosphotipid choline polymer with long hydrophobic chain forming micelle remains still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To prepare self-assembling nanoparticles of PLLA-PC using solvent evaporation method, and to explore the factors that affected the properties and stability of nanoparticles.METHOD: ① Nanoparticles were prepared with solvent evporation metod.PLLA-PC copolymer was dissolved into acetone, and the copolymer solution was added dropwise to distilled water with stirring to yield nanoparticles. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was performed on the F-7000FL220-240V. The emission and excitation wavelength were 395 nm and 300 mm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was carried out on a JEM-100CX electron microscope to observe the morphology of PLLA-PC nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering measurements on nanoparticle solutions were performed on a NANOSIZE 3600 at room temperatire. ②Gel permeation chromatography(GPC)measurements were perfrmed on a Waters 717 apparatus equipped with an RI detector. THF was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mlJmin. A 1 g/L solution (50 μL) was injected for each analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: TEM indicated that the PLLA-PC nanoparticles presented typical shell/core structure. The critical micelle concentration was determined by fluorescent probe method. The results showed that the CMCs were quite low ( 10~(-3) g/L) and were dependent on the LLA units in the copolymer. The size and size distribution of the nanoparticles were detected by dynamic light scattering. The results indicated that the size could be affected by the LLA units, concentration of the organic solution and the concentration of the aqueous solution of the nanoparticles. On the other hand, they hardly changed over the dilution with water, which was of great importance in venous injection. They degraded at 37℃. PLLA-PC nanoparticles with controllable sizes can be prepared with phase separation method and might serve as a novel material for drug delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To review classification and synthesis of amphiphilic polymers containing polyethylene glycol and the application as drug carriers.DATA SOURCE: A computer-based research was conducted in SCI-Expanded, El Compendex and China Journal Full-text Database for articles concerning classification and synthesis of amphiphilic polymers containing polyethylene glycol and their micelles application as drug carriers published from January 2000 to July 2009.DATA SELECTION: A total of 616 articles were primarily obtained. Following reading titles and abstract, articles addressing detail classification and synthesis of amphiphilic polymers containing polyethylene glycol and representative micellar influencing factor were included. Totally 31 English and Chinese literatures were collected for further analysis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Classification, synthesis and drug vector mechanism of amphiphilic polymers containing polyethylene glycol and the micellar application as drug carriers were measured.RESULTS: Star-shaped copolymer could elevate micellar stability, but there were many arm numbers, whicti might induced a decrease in drug carrier volume. Special group introduced in copolymer contributed to the combination of drug and carrier. To connect target group could provide target transport property. The length and density of polyethylene glycol chain in copolymer was related to micellar function. Changed the length and density of polyethylene glycol could obtain polymer micelles that circulated in vivo for a long time.CONCLUSION: Amphiphilic polymers containing polyethylene glycol has outstanding potential in medical drug carrier field and isolation technique.

OBJECTIVE:To develop a method for the determination of paraquat in human plasma,and to provide experimen-tal evidence for the therapy and prognosis of paraquat-poisoned patients. METHODS:The human plasma samples were processed using Waters Oasis solid phase extraction column. HPLC determination was performed on DiamonsilTM C18 chromatographic column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer(containing 80 mmol/L sodium heptanesulfonate,pH adjusted to 3.0 by triethylamine)-acetonitrile (82∶18,V/V) at the flow rate of 0.9 ml/min. The detection wavelength was set at 258 nm. RESULTS:The linear range of paraquat were 20-5 000 ng/ ml;RSDs of inter-day and intra-day both were lower than 9%;average extraction recoveries were 90.72%-96.34%,and average method recoveries were 100.32%-103.10%. CONCLUSIONS:The solid phase ex-traction HPLC can determine the content of paraquat in human plasma rapidly and accurately.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for further formulation of the rational use of vancomycin. METHODS:Retro-spective analysis was conducted on the related information of discharged patients who intravenously used vancomycin from Jun. 2013 to Dec. 2014. RESULTS:178 patients were enrolled,with average age of 59.6 and 73.60% male,who were mainly with lung infectious(74.72%). Support examinations were sufficient before using of vancomycin. 66.29% patients were empirically giv-en vancomycin with pathogenic detection rate of 85.39%. 71.91% patients were conducted therapeutic drug monitoring with only 47.54% of first blood samples achieved the target range. CONCLUSIONS:Vancomycin application is generally rational in our hos-pital. However,issues like duration of empirical therapy,rational therapeutic monitoring,and individualized start dosing still need to be noticed.

Objective To investigate the anti-proliferation effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ)agonist troglitazone(TGZ)on leukemic Raji cells and its mechanisms.Methods Raji cells in culture medium in vitro were given different concentrations of TGZ(0～60 μmol/L)for 24,48 and 72 h.The inhibitory rates of the cells were measured by MTT assay,cell apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry(FCM),agarose gel electrophoresis was used to observe the DNA ladder,and western blotting was used to analyzed the variation of apoptosis related proteins bcl-2,Bax and Survivin.Results TGZ(over 20 μmol/L)could inhibit the growth of Raji cells and cause apoptosis remarkably,the suppression was both in time-and dose-dependent manner.DNA ladder was observed after the cells treated by TGZ for 72 h,and western blotting analysis revealed that anti-apoptotie proteins Survivin and bcl-2 were decreased remarkably while pro-apoptotic protein Bax increased significantly after the cells were treated by TGZ for 48 h.Conclusion PPARγ agonist TGZ can inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis on Raji cells significantly,downregnlating the expression of Survivin and bcl-2 as well as upregulating of Bax expression of Raji cells may be one of its most important mechanisms.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of the extract of ginkgo biloba(EGb)on the spiralganglion neuron(SGNs)in cochlea tissues on the hearing loss induced by noise in rats.Methods Thirty-six healthy animals were randomly divided into three groups:the normal control group(n=12).the noise exposured group(n =12)and the EGb treamment group(n=12).The control group received no noise and no medications.The other two groups were exposed to the noise of 110 dB SPL for consecutively 10 days,6 hours per day.The treatment group rats were injected with 10 ml/d EGb while the other two groups with 0.9%saline of the same amount.The experiment lasted for ten days.The rats were measured by auditory brainsterm response(ABR)before and after niose exposure.The ultrastructural changes of SGNs were detected by tranismision electron microscpoe(TEM) and the contents of malondiadehyde(MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)were also measured.Results Hearing were signifcantlly decreased in the experimental group.Nevertheless,EGb relatively reduced the contents of MDA while increased the activities of SOD.Conclusion EGb seems to be able to moderately pretect SGNs and to play a preventive and remedial role in noise-induced hearing loss.

Objective To explore antiviral efficacy, safety and blocking of mother-to-infant transmission by administrating telbivudine in pregnant patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) throughout pregnancy. Methods Sixty-four cases of female patients were enrolled. The study participants were divided into the telbivudine treatment group (n = 31) and the control group (n = 33). Data were recorded from beginning of administration to ending pregnancy, as well as notation of any adverse reactions. The neonates and infants were evaluated in HBV infection, parameters of growth and development. Results The recovery rates of ALT, respectively, were 90.32% vs. 57.58% (P = 0.003), 93.55% vs. 62.50% (P = 0.003) at 24 weeks and ante partum and the HBVDNA-negative conversion rates, respectively, were 48.39% vs. 3.03% (P = 0.000), 83.87%vs. 6.06% (P = 0.000), 90.32% vs. 6.25% (P = 0.000) respectively, at 12, 24 weeks of pregnancy and at ante partum between the treatment and control groups. The HBsAg-positive and HBVDNA-positive rates of the infants, respectively, were 12.90% vs. 37.50% (P = 0.025) and 0 vs. 21.88% (P = 0.018) at birth, and respectively, were all 0 vs. 18.75% (P = 0.035) and 0 vs. 18.75% (P = 0.035) at 1, 6, 12 months old between the treatment and control groups. The treatment group showed lower incidence of intrauterine HBV infection (0 vs. 18.75%, P = 0.035). The gestational ages, fetal weights and Apgar scores were not significant different in the children born in the mothers from the two groups. Conclusions Telbivudine administration showed a good antiviral curative effect and effectively blocked mother-to-infant transmission in women with CHB. The treatment was safe and caused no obvious adverse reaction.

Objective To observe the effects of calcium cyanamide (Rongbao) on the histological and morphological changes of Oncomelania hupensis snails in order to explore its molluscicidal mechanisms.Methods The serial snails' slides were fixed after soaking in a concentration of Rongbao leached liquor at different time.The histological and morphological changes of the snails were compared among these slides.Results After soaking in the Rongbao leached liquor for 48 h,the mantle epithelia,respiratory epithelia of the gill,liver cells,and muscle cells of gastropods were injured seriously,which resulted in the death of the snails directly.The death rates of the snails were 96.70% and 100% after soaking in the Rongbao leached liquor for 48 h and 72 h,respectively.Conclusion Rongbao is an effective molluscicide by damaging the several snail tissues.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the necessity of developing therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin in our hospital and its existing problems,and provide a reasonable basis for the clinical rational use of vancomycin. METHODS:The cross-sectional survey was designed to collect the clinical data of 92 patients with therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin and statistically ana-lyze 192 cases of plasma concentration monitoring data. RESULTS:The average plasma trough concentration was (15.96 ± 8.06) mg/L;with the increase of age,the plasma trough concentration was increasing,there was no significant difference in the plasma trough concentration among different age groups (P=0.000);there were only 13 cases (6.77%) that obtained the plasma trough concentration within 30 min before the fourth dose;after using wancomycin,clearance rates of Cr and the endogenous creatinine were slightly higher than before,but there was no significant difference(P=0.722);36 cases(39.13%)showed vancomycin sus-ceptible gram positive cocci;after using wancomycin,the body temperature,white blood cell count and neutrophil percentage were lower than before,the differences were statistically significant (P=0.006,P=0.000,P=0.000);48 cases (52.17%) in treatment received initial loading dose,and only 15 cases (16.30%) did not use in combination with other anti infective drugs. CONCLU-SIONS:The results showed there are still a lot of problems in the treatment of vancomycin in our hospital,for example,the stan-dard rate of the plasma trough concentration is about 50%;most of the time of blood sampling is not reasonable;the detection rate of the pathogen is low;only about half of the cases are given the loading dose,etc. Therefore clinical pharmacists’intervention for blood sampling is an important part to promote rational drug therapy monitoring. Meanwhile,data interpretation of the monitoring results of serum drug concentration of vancomycin is a basic method for clinical pharmacists in clinical monitoring to correct the un-reasonable operations,and also the necessary measures for preventing the drug renal toxicity,it is a very important significance for the medication safety and effectiveness especially in severe infection patients,the elderly,the children and the people with renal function insufficiency.