Objective:To establish a RP-HPLC method with pre-column derivation for determining the content of stilbene glyco-sides in Yening granules. Methods:DNS-Cl was used as the derivation reagent, a Wondasil-C8 column (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm) was used as the stationary phase and 30mM ammonium phosphatere gulation (pH 3. 5)-acetonitrile (78∶22) was applied as the mobile phase, a fluorescence detector (λex=370 nm,λem=560 nm) was used, the flow rate was 1. 0 ml·ml-1 , the column temperature was 30℃ and the injection volume was 20 μl. Results: There was no interference from the other substances in the preparation. The linear range of the two stilbene glycosides was 0.071-27.280 mg·ml-1(r=0.999 9). The average recovery was 99.04%(RSD=0. 1%, n= 9). Conclusion:The method is simple, quick, sensitive and accurate, which can be used for the quality control of Ye-ning granules.

Fasting blood ghrelin level was decreased,and postprandial ghrelin descent was suppressed in high-fat diet induced obese rats.Fasting ghrelin concentration,but not postprandial ghrelin concentration,was negatively correlated with body weight,insulin resistance index,and glucose level.

Objective To evaluate the simulation of standardized patients (SP) in objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) for general practice residency training.Methods The simulation levels of 15 SPs were evaluated by 37 examiners with a rating scale of OSCE Examiner Feedback on SP performance from Melbourne University School of Medicine.The evaluation was conducted in history-taking and doctor-patient communication stations of OSCE for general practice residency training.Results The overall scores of SP performance were high and most examiners considered that the performance of SP was realistic and consistent.Among 9 items of rating scale,more than 90％ of the examiners considered that SP performance met or completely met the requirements of OSCE,except the item of preparation for clothing and making up before role playing.Six items of performance in history-taking station and 4 items in doctorpatient communication station reached 100％ satisfaction from the examiners.T test was used to compare the difference of SP performance between the morning and afternoon,and there was no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The study showed for this group of SPs,the realistic degree and consistency of performance meet the requirements of OSCE,and its stability is not affected by long time continuous performance.

By using the glyoxylic acid to induce fluorescence histochemieal method, the catecholamines (CAs) in the adrenal medulla of rats were demonstrated。The CAs fluorescent intensity was measured with Leitz MPV-2 microflurophotometer. The results showed that the CAs fluorescent intensity in the adrenal medulla of rat with traumatic shock was much decreased than that of the normal control group. The CAs fluorescent intensity was in the adrenal medulla obviously increased after using electroacupuncture (EA) at "Renzhang" and "Chenjiang" points. Our results also indicated that the EA might play a certain role in regulating the level of plasma CAs during the traumatic shock process. Therefore, The depletion of CAs was reduced from the rat's adrenal medulla, this could be one of the benificial factors in using the EA antitraumatic shock.

Objective To survey the current working status of general practitioners (GPs) who received residency training in Shanghai.Methods The current status of general practitioners,who completed residency training in Shanghai from 2013 to 2014,was surveyed with self-designed questionnaire by e-mail.The survey items included current employers,job specification,clinical practice,teaching,scientific research and so on.Results Three hundred and thirteen out of 377 GPs,who completed residency training from 2007 to 2012,participated in the survey (83.0％),including 85 males and 228 females with a mean age of (31.2 ± 2.6) years.Among all participants,298 (95.2％) worked in community health service centers,12.8％ (40/313) of them were involved in general practice teaching,9.9％ (31/313) undertook management,9.3％ (29/313) did academic research in community,and 7.7％ (24/313) had chance for overseas study.The survey also showed that 134 person/times received various commendations and awards.Conclusion Most GPs who completed residency training are undertaking clinical practice in community health service centers,and they are also well involved in management,teaching,and research.

Aim To study the effects of amitriptyline(Ami)on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods An animal model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) by reversibly inserting a nylon thread method.The rats were decapitated after ischemia for 1 hour and reperfusion for 2 hours.The infarct volumes were determined using a 2,3,5-tri-phenyl tetrazolium chloride(TTC) staining and assessed by image analysis system.The neurologic deficit status were evaluated on 0~5 grade scale.The levels of dopamine(DA),norepinephrine(NE),serotonin(5-HT) and its metabolic product~hydroxyindole acetic acid(5-HIAA) in cortex and striatum were measured by fluoro-spectrophotometry.Results Ami treatment exhibited a remarkable reduction in infarct volume and neurologic deficit scores.The monoamines content of cortex and striatum had a significant increase compared with ischemia-reperfusion group.Conclusion Amitriptyline has protective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.The mechanism might be related to reducing the release of NE,DA and 5-HT during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion,attenuating or inhibiting of the neurotoxic effects of monoamine neurotransmitters.

Objective To determine the serum levels of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in patients with vitiligo,and to investigate their clinical significance.Methods The serum concentrations of MIF and TNF-α were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay respectively in 66 patients with vitiligo and 30 healthy controls.Results The patients with vitiligo vulgaris showed a significant higher serum level of MIF and TNF-α compared with the healthy controls ((9.56 ± 1.65) vs.(5.18 ± 0.81 ) μg/L,(2.38 ± 0.37) vs.(1.78 ± 0.21 ) μg/L,both P ＜ 0.01 ).There was a positive correlation between the serum level of MIF and TNF-α (r =0.89,P ＜ 0.05).No statistical difference was observed in the serum levels of MIF or TNF-α between the healthy controls and patients with segmental vitiligo (both P ＞ 0.05).The serum level of MIF was significantly higher in patients with progressive vitiligo than in those with stable vitiligo (P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions MIF and TNF-α might play a certain role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo,and MIF may be related to the activity of vitiligo vulgaris.

Objective To develop criteria for trainers of general practitioners in clinical training bases.Methods A primary version of criteria was established through literature review and expert interview.Thirty-two experts with middle-level professional title or above,who had 10 years of working experience or more in general practice,teaching and administration,were invited for 3 rounds of Delphi consultation during March and October 2013.Results The criteria consisted of 3 first-grade indicators and 12 second-grade indicators were established.The first-grade indicators included professional quality,clinical competence and teaching capability.The weight coefficient of first-grade indicators were 0.332 0,0.336 0 and 0.332 0,respectively.For 3 rounds of consultation the activity coefficient of experts was all 100％ ; the authority coefficients of experts were 0.881,0.897 and 0.883,respectively; and the harmonious coefficient of importance of the evaluation were 0.136,0.127 and 0.204,respectively (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The established criteria are credible and important for the selection of trainers of general practitioners in clinical bases,which would improve the quality of standardized training for general practitioners.

Objective To establish a set of accreditation standards for trainers of general practitioner (GP) in community health service centers.Methods A modified Delphi expert consultation was conducted during December 2012 and September 2013.Thirty two experts of general practice from different teaching hospitals and community health service centers were invited for three rounds Delphi questionnaires.A set of accreditation standards for GP trainers in primary care was established through data analysis,synthesis and process.Results Expert activity coefficients were 100.0％ for three rounds consultation,the authority coefficients were 0.894,0.882 and 0.893,respectively.The opinion coordination coefficients of experts were 0.156,0.166 and 0.215,respectively (P =0.000).The developed accreditation standards system comprised of three first-grade indicators and 14 second-grade indicators.The weight coefficients of three first-grade indicators,namely professional profiles,clinical competences in primary care and teaching abilities,were 0.339 8,0.335 6 and 0.324 6,respectively.Conclusions The established accreditation standard system is credible,which would appropriately guide the selection of GP trainers in primary care from three dimensions and enhance the quality of standardized training of general practitioners.

Objective To study the application of accreditation standards for trainers of general practitioners (GPs) in community health centers.Methods The questionnaire was designed according to the accreditation standards for GP trainers in community health centers,which involved professional quality,clinical competence in primary care and teaching abilities.According to typical sampling,583 trainers from 56 community teaching bases in Shanghai were selected for the survey.Results Among 583 participants,the effective respondents were 505 with a response rate of 86.6％.The professional quality was highly recognized by the participants,and more than 80％ of trainers met the requirement.For the ability of primary care,81.4％ (411/505),79.8 ％ (403/505) and 69.5 ％ (351/505) of participants were well qualified with the abilities of management for hypertension,type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease,respectively,while only about 40％ had abilities of management for epilepsy,hypothyroidism and chronic mental diseases.75.4％ (381/505) participants fully mastered the principle of first aid skills and CPR,while only 24.8％ (125/505) had abilities of management for conjunctival foreign body and nasal foreign body,34.5％ (174/505) had the abilities of debridement and gastrolavage.For the index of teaching abilities,most trainers had insufficient teaching capacity and experience in the community.Only 48.5％ (245/505) and 40.2％ (203/505) of trainers were familiar with the teaching methods of cased-based learning and problem-based learning,respectively.Significant difference was found in the scores of teaching abilities among trainers from community health centers in different locations (P ＜ 0.05),such as using appropriate teaching methods (F =3.45,P =0.033),monthly assessment and feedback to students (F =5.14,P =0.006) and ensure at least 4 hours of teaching time every week(F =4.96,P =0.007).No significant differences were found in the scores of professional quality and clinical competences in primary care (P ＞ 0.5).Conclusion The trainers of general practitioners in community health centers meet the requirement of accreditation standards in the aspects of professional quality and clinical competences in primary care,while the teaching abilities remained to be improved and should be strengthened in the future.